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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Effect of Leaf Water Potential, Leaf Temperature and Light Intensity on Leaf Diffusion Resistance and the Transpiration of Leaves of Malus sylvestris (1976)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 38 (1976), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The relationship between leaf resistance to water vapour diffusion and each of the factors leaf water potential, light intensity and leaf temperature was determined for leaves on seedling apple trees (Malus sylvestris Mill. cv. Granny Smith) in the laboratory. Leaf cuticular resistance was also determined and transpiration was measured on attached leaves for a range of conditions.Leaf resistance was shown to be independent of water potential until potential fell below — 19 bars after which leaf resistance increased rapidly. Exposure of leaves to CO2-free air extended the range for which resistance was independent of water potential to — 30 bars.The light requirement for minimum leaf resistance was 10 to 20 W m−2 and at light intensities exceeding these, leaf resistance was unaffected by light intensity.Optimum leaf temperature for minimum diffusion resistance was 23 ± 2°C. The rate of change measured in leaf resistance in leaves given a sudden change in leaf temperature increased as the magnitude of the temperature change increased. For a sudden change of 1°C in leaf temperature, diffusion resistance changed at a rate of 0.01 s cm−1 min−1 whilst for a 9°C leaf temperature change, diffusion resistance changed at a rate of 0.1 s cm−1 min−1.Cuticular resistance of these leaves was 125 s cm−1 which is very high compared with resistances for open stomata of 1.5 to 4 s cm−1 and 30 to 35 s cm−1 for stomata closed in the dark.Transpiration was measured in attached apple leaves enclosed in a leaf chamber and exposed to a range of conditions of leaf temperature and ambient water vapour density. Peak transpiration of approximately 5 × 10−6 g cm−2 s−1 occurred at a vapour density gradient from the leaf to the air of 12 to 14 g m−3 after which transpiration declined due presumably to increased stomatal resistance. Leaves in CO2-free air attained a peak transpiration of 11 × 10−6 g cm−2 s−1 due to lower values of leaf resistance in CO2 free air. Transpiration then declined in these leaves due to development of an internal leaf resistance (of up to 2 s cm−1). The internal resistance was masked in leaves at normal CO2 concentrations by the increase in stomatal resistance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1976.tb04866.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in diffusion resistance of apple leaves undergoing rapid fluctuations in leaf temperature (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 48 (1980), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Transpiration was measured in apple leaves (Malus sylvestris Mill.) which were enclosed in a leaf chamber and subjected to rapid changes in leaf temperature. Fluctuations in leaf temperature produced parallel fluctuations in transpiration. The change in transpiration rate with change in temperature was found to be less than the theoretical value calculated from the change in water vapour density gradient from leaf to air. The results suggest the presence of a small and rapidly varying resistance to water vapour loss from the leaf. The magnitude of this additional resistance increased to a maximum value of approximately 1.5 s cm-1 as the magnitude of the temperature change increased to a maximum of approximately 12°C.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1980.tb03308.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Xylem cavitation in excised leaves of Malus sylvestris Mill. and measurement of leaf water status with the pressure chamber (1976)
    Springer
    Planta 129 (1976), S. 15-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A change occurs in the relationship between xylem water potential (Ψx) measured with the pressure chamber and leaf water potential ((Ψw)) when a period of post-excision water loss is allowed before measurement of (Ψx) and (Ψx). When this occurs, water stress is over-estimated by the pressure chamber measurement. Over the same period of water loss, cavitation vibrations have been detected acoustically in excised leaves. It is suggested that the measurement of (Ψx) is affected by emptying of some of the xylem vessels due to cavitation. This would require that additional pressure be applied to a leaf in the pressure chamber in order to measure (Ψx).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00390906
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reduction in growth and yield of Jerusalem artichoke caused by soil salinity (1991)
    Springer
    Irrigation science 12 (1991), S. 213-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1319
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The salt tolerance of irrigated Jerusalem artichokes (Helianthus tuberosus L.) was assessed in terms of biomass of both above ground parts and tubers in greenhouse and field trials. Salinity of irrigation water ranged from 0.7 to 12 dS m−1 in the greenhouse trial and from 0.2 to 10 dS m−1 in the field trial. Yield response of the dry matter of tubers of greenhouse-grown plants and of above ground parts of greenhouse-grown and fieldgrown plants, fell within the moderately tolerant category of Maas and Hoffman (1977). However, tuber yields in the field on a heavy clay loam fell within the moderately sensitive category, described by the equation, Y = 100 − 9.62 (ECe-0.4), where Y = yield (t ha−1) as a % of that under non-saline conditions and ECe = electrical conductivity of saturation extract in the rootzone (0–30 cm). The Cl concentration of leaves increased linearly with increasing external salinity and increased from tubers to stems to leaves. In contrast, leaf Na remained low except at the highest salinities, despite consistently higher stem Na; indicating some mechanism for restriction of leaf Na up to a certain external salinity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00190526
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photosynthesis, leaf conductance, and water relations of cowpea under saline conditions (1986)
    Springer
    Irrigation science 7 (1986), S. 183-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1319
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.), grown widely under both irrigated and dryland conditions, is well adapted to drought and high temperature and is moderately salt tolerant. Data on photosynthetic response and regulation of water relations in cowpea under salinity stress is lacking. Therefore, in conjunction with a field plot experiment to establish the leaching requirement of cowpea, measurements were made of carbon dioxide assimilation rates (A) by 14CO2 uptake, leaf conductances to H2O (g1) by tritum uptake, and to CO2 (g′), and leaf total water potential (ψt 1) and osmotic potential (ψπ 1). Cowpeas, grown in field plots containing Pachappa fine sandy loam (mixed, thermic, Mollic Haploxeraff), were irrigated daily with saline water (1,350 mg 1−1 total salt concentration) to achieve leaching fractions of 0.17, 0.13, 0.09, 0.07, and 0.02. Cowpea maintained high leaf water potentials, high rates of CO2 assimilation and high leaf conductances under moderately saline conditions (high leaching). Values of ψt 1 and ψπ 1 for high leaching were consistently 50 to 200 J kg−1 higher than for low leaching throughout the day. Calculating ψπ 1 at full leaf turgor eliminated diurnal variation in ψπ 1. As leaching decreased, however, A, g1, and g′, decreased significantly. About 45% of the 1°C assimilated by the leaf was incorporated rapidly into ethanol insoluble compounds. The relationship between A and g1 for cowpea was similar to that reported for other crops.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00344073
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Water use and sodium chloride uptake by apple trees (1978)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 50 (1978), S. 51-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Apple trees (Malus sylvestris Mill.cv. ‘Granny Smith’) were grown with divided root systems and were exposed to combinations of soil salinity (90 meq 1−1) and partial soil oxygen deficiency (waterlogging) in half root zones to simulate three of the conditions in which these combinations of double stress may occur in the field. Whenever a salinity stress was applied to a root zone, water uptake from that root zone was depressed to approximately 50% of normal levels while water uptake from the non-saline root zone increased by 50% over normal. If a low oxygen stress was superimposed upon the salinity stress, water uptake declined even more (to 30% of normal) and uptake in the non-stressed zone increased proportionately (to 60% above normal non-stress levels). When an oxygen stress was applied to one root zone and a salinity stress to the other, water uptake in the saline zone again dropped by 50% under normal but uptake increased by only 30% in the non-saline zone. With one saline root zone and both root zones waterlogged water uptake dropped to 30% in the zone with the double stress but there was no increase in water uptake from the non-saline oxygen stressed zone. Exposure of a half root zone to salinity resulted in chloride concentrations in the roots increasing 5-fold compared with the non-saline zone. However, the chloride was retained in the roots and not transported to the leaves so that leaf chloride concentrations were not significantly different from non-salinized plants. When a plant was exposed to a waterlogged saline solution in one half root zone, leaf chloride concentration increased more than 4-fold over initial concentration if the other rootzone was not waterlogged and when both saline and non-saline root zones were waterlogged, leaf chloride concentration increased almost 7-fold over initial concentrations. Any exposure of roots to NaCl stress resulted in significantly higher root Cl than occurred in non-salinized roots.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02107156
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Water use and sodium chloride uptake by apple trees (1978)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 50 (1978), S. 37-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Apple trees grown with their root systems split into halves were used to study the effects of non-uniform salinity stress within a root system upon salt and water uptake. Water uptake declined rapidly when sodium chloride solution (90 meq l−1) was added to any root zone but uptake increased correspondingly in the non-saline root zone of each tree. This changed pattern of water uptake with partial salinization did not change the total water use by the trees compared with their water use when neither root zone was salt stressed. After a‘steady-state’ condition of water uptake had been reached 80 to 85% of the water was taken up in the non-saline root zone. Irrigation at three soil matric potential intervals of −6.6, −33 and −66 kPa allowed to develop in the non-saline root zone of each tree did not affect water use responses. Leaf concentrations of Ca, Mg and K were unaffected by treatments. Chloride and Na concentrations increased in leaves with exposure to salinity stress in half root zones and with increasing soil matric potential stress. Some evidence was obtained using tritium enriched water that water was transferred from a non-saline root zone into a saline root zone but the volume involved was unmeasurable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02107155
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Water use and sodium chloride uptake by apple trees (1978)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 50 (1978), S. 37-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Apple trees grown with their root systems split into halves were used to study the effects of non-uniform salinity stress within a root system upon salt and water uptake. Water uptake declined rapidly when sodium chloride solution (90 meq l−1) was added to any root zone but uptake increased correspondingly in the non-saline root zone of each tree. This changed pattern of water uptake with partial salinization did not change the total water use by the trees compared with their water use when neither root zone was salt stressed. After a‘steady-state’ condition of water uptake had been reached 80 to 85% of the water was taken up in the non-saline root zone. Irrigation at three soil matric potential intervals of −6.6, −33 and −66 kPa allowed to develop in the non-saline root zone of each tree did not affect water use responses. Leaf concentrations of Ca, Mg and K were unaffected by treatments. Chloride and Na concentrations increased in leaves with exposure to salinity stress in half root zones and with increasing soil matric potential stress. Some evidence was obtained using tritium enriched water that water was transferred from a non-saline root zone into a saline root zone but the volume involved was unmeasurable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02107155
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Water use and sodium chloride uptake by apple trees (1978)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 50 (1978), S. 51-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Apple trees (Malus sylvestris Mill.cv. ‘Granny Smith’) were grown with divided root systems and were exposed to combinations of soil salinity (90 meq 1−1) and partial soil oxygen deficiency (waterlogging) in half root zones to simulate three of the conditions in which these combinations of double stress may occur in the field. Whenever a salinity stress was applied to a root zone, water uptake from that root zone was depressed to approximately 50% of normal levels while water uptake from the non-saline root zone increased by 50% over normal. If a low oxygen stress was superimposed upon the salinity stress, water uptake declined even more (to 30% of normal) and uptake in the non-stressed zone increased proportionately (to 60% above normal non-stress levels). When an oxygen stress was applied to one root zone and a salinity stress to the other, water uptake in the saline zone again dropped by 50% under normal but uptake increased by only 30% in the non-saline zone. With one saline root zone and both root zones waterlogged water uptake dropped to 30% in the zone with the double stress but there was no increase in water uptake from the non-saline oxygen stressed zone. Exposure of a half root zone to salinity resulted in chloride concentrations in the roots increasing 5-fold compared with the non-saline zone. However, the chloride was retained in the roots and not transported to the leaves so that leaf chloride concentrations were not significantly different from non-salinized plants. When a plant was exposed to a waterlogged saline solution in one half root zone, leaf chloride concentration increased more than 4-fold over initial concentration if the other rootzone was not waterlogged and when both saline and non-saline root zones were waterlogged, leaf chloride concentration increased almost 7-fold over initial concentrations. Any exposure of roots to NaCl stress resulted in significantly higher root Cl than occurred in non-salinized roots.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02107156
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Germination and growth of cultivars ofTrifolium subterraneum L. in the presence of sodium chloride salinity (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 62 (1981), S. 221-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Germination ; Salinity ; Subterranean clover
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Germination and growth responses of 15 early to midseason cultivars ofTrifolium subterraneum L. were determined at a range of irrigation water salinities (NaCl). There were significant cultivar differences in seed germination under standard conditions in the presence of pure solutions of NaCl from −10 to −330 kPa osmotic potential range. There were also significant cultivar differences in growth on a clay loam soil with increasing NaCl over the same range of osmotic potentials as used to test germination. There was a generally poor correlation between salt tolerance at germination and at later stages of growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374086
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