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  • 1
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    Steps and Gaps in Ground Ruptures: Empirical Bounds on Rupture Propagation (2016)
    Seismological Society of America (SSA)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-10
    Description: We analyze a set of 76 mapped surface ruptures for relationships between geometrical discontinuities in fault traces and earthquake rupture extent. The combined set includes 46 strike-slip, 16 normal, and 14 reverse mechanism events. The survey shows ~90% of ruptures have at least one end at a mappable discontinuity, either a fault end or a step of 1 km or greater. Dip-slip ruptures cross larger steps than strike-slip earthquakes, with maxima of ~12 versus ~5 km, respectively. Large steps inside strike-slip ruptures are rare; only 8% (5 of 62) are ≥4 km. A geometric probability distribution model of steps as "challenges" to rupture propagation predicts that steps of 1 km or greater will be effective in stopping rupture about 46% of the time. The rate is similar for dip-slip earthquakes, but, within this set, steps are relatively more effective in stopping reverse ruptures and less effective in stopping normal ruptures. By comparing steps at rupture terminations to the set of steps broken in rupture, we can estimate the importance of step size for stopping rupture. We define the passing ratio for a given step size as the fraction of steps broken divided by the corresponding fraction that stop rupture. A linear model for steps from 1 to 6 km in strike-slip ruptures leads to the passing ratio =1.89–0.31step width. Steps of ~3 km are equally likely to be broken or to terminate rupture, and steps ≥6 km should almost always stop rupture. A similar comparison suggests that extensional steps are somewhat more effective than compressional steps in stopping ruptures. We also compiled the incidence of gaps of 1 km and longer in surface ruptures. Gaps occur in ~43% of ruptures and occur more frequently in dip-slip than strike-slip ruptures. Online Material: Figures of annotated surface rupture maps for 40 earthquakes.
    Print ISSN: 0037-1106
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-3573
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Seismological Society of America (SSA)
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  • 2
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    Low Footwall Accelerations and Variable Surface Rupture Behavior on the Fort Sage Mountains Fault, Northeast California (2013)
    Seismological Society of America (SSA)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-02-07
    Description: The Fort Sage Mountains fault zone is a normal fault in the Walker Lane of the western Basin and Range that produced a small surface rupture (〈20 cm) during an M L  5.6 earthquake in 1950. We investigate the paleoseismic history of the Fort Sage fault and find evidence for two paleoearthquakes with surface displacements much larger than those observed in 1950. Rupture of the Fort Sage fault ~5.6 ka resulted in surface displacements of at least 0.8–1.5 m, implying earthquake moment magnitudes ( M w ) of 6.7–7.1. An older rupture at ~20.5 ka displaced the ground at least 1.5 m, implying an earthquake of M w  6.8–7.1. A field of precariously balanced rocks (PBRs) is located less than 1 km from the surface-rupture trace of this Holocene-active normal fault. Ground-motion prediction equations (GMPEs) predict peak ground accelerations (PGAs) of 0.2–0.3 g for the 1950 rupture and 0.3–0.5 g for the ~5.6 ka paleoearthquake one kilometer from the fault-surface trace, yet field tests indicate that the Fort Sage PBRs will be toppled by PGAs between 0.1–0.3 g . We discuss the paleoseismic history of the Fort Sage fault in the context of the nearby PBRs, GMPEs, and probabilistic seismic hazard maps for extensional regimes. If the Fort Sage PBRs are older than the mid-Holocene rupture on the Fort Sage fault zone, this implies that current GMPEs may overestimate near-fault footwall ground motions at this site.
    Print ISSN: 0037-1106
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-3573
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Seismological Society of America (SSA)
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  • 3
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    The Biggest Little Contributions (2016)
    Seismological Society of America (SSA)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-02-25
    Print ISSN: 0895-0695
    Electronic ISSN: 1938-2057
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Seismological Society of America (SSA)
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  • 4
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    Holocene Earthquakes and Late Pleistocene Slip-Rate Estimates on the Wassuk Range Fault Zone, Nevada (2012)
    Seismological Society of America (SSA)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-08-01
    Description: The Wassuk Range fault zone is an 80-km-long, east-dipping, high-angle normal fault that flanks the eastern margin of the Wassuk Range in central Nevada. Observations from two alluvial fan systems truncated by the fault yield information on the vertical slip rate and Holocene earthquake history along the range front. At the apex of the Rose Creek alluvial fan, radiocarbon dating of offset stratigraphy exposed in two fault trenches shows that multiple earthquakes resulted in 7.0 m of vertical offset along the fault since ~9400 cal B.P. These data yield a Holocene vertical slip rate of 0.7±0.1 mm/yr. The south trench exposure records at least two faulting events since ~9400 cal B.P., with the most recent displacement postdating ~2810 cal B.P. The north trench exposure records an ~1 m offset between ~610 cal B.P. and A.D. ~1850, a 1.3-m minimum offset prior to ~1460 cal B.P., and one earlier undated earthquake of a similar size. Variations in stratigraphy and limited datable material preclude a unique correlation of paleoevents between the two trenches. Approximately 25 km north, the range-front fault has truncated and uplifted a remnant of the Penrod Canyon fan by 〉40 m since the surface was deposited ~113 ka, based on cosmogenic dating of two large boulders. These data allow an estimate of the minimum late Pleistocene vertical slip rate at 〉0.3–0.4 mm/yr for the Wassuk Range fault zone. Online Material: Tables summarizing radiocarbon and cosmogenic analyses, photos of rocks sampled for cosmogenic analyses, and figures summarizing cosmogenic exposure age estimates.
    Print ISSN: 0037-1106
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-3573
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Seismological Society of America (SSA)
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  • 5
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    Strike-slip faulting along the Wassuk Range of the northern Walker Lane, Nevada (2014)
    Geological Society of America (GSA)
    In: Geosphere
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-02-08
    Description: A strike-slip fault is present outboard and subparallel to the Wassuk Range front within the central Walker Lane (Nevada, USA). Recessional shorelines of pluvial Lake Lahontan that reached its highstand ca. 15,475 ± 720 cal. yr B.P. are displaced ~14 m and yield a right-lateral slip-rate estimate approaching 1 mm/yr. The strike-slip fault trace projects southeastward toward the eastern margin of Walker Lake, which is ~15 km to the southeast. The trace is obscured in this region by recessional shorelines features that record the historical dessication of the lake caused by upstream water diversion and consumption. High-resolution seismic CHIRP (compressed high intensity radar pulse) profiles acquired in Walker Lake reveal ~20 k.y. of stratigraphy that is tilted westward ~20–30 m to the Wassuk Range front, consistent with ~1.0–1.5 mm/yr (20–30 m/20 k.y.) of vertical displacement on the main range-bounding normal fault. Direct evidence of the northwest-trending right-lateral strike-slip fault is not observed, although a set of folds and faults trending N35°E, conjugate to the trend of the strike-slip fault observed to the north, is superimposed on the west-dipping strata. The pattern and trend of folding and faulting beneath the lake are not simply explained; they may record development of Riedel shears in a zone of northwest-directed strike slip. Regardless of their genesis, the faults and folds appear to have been inactive during the past ~10.5 k.y. These observations begin to reconcile what was a mismatch between geodetically predicted deformation rates and geological fault slip rate studies along the Wassuk Range front, and provide another example of strain partitioning between predominantly normal and strike-slip faults that occurs in regions of oblique extension such as the Walker Lane.
    Electronic ISSN: 1553-040X
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of America (GSA)
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  • 6
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    Paleoseismic Trenches across the Sierra Nevada and Carson Range Fronts in Antelope Valley, California, and Reno, Nevada (2011)
    Seismological Society of America
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-09-26
    Description: Offset Quaternary deposits, measurements of fault scarps, and the excavation of two trenches along the eastern Sierra Nevada range front provide information on the rate and style of active faulting in Antelope Valley, California, and Reno, Nevada. Structural, stratigraphic, and pedogenic relations exposed in a trench in Antelope Valley (Formula latitude) record two Holocene surface-rupturing earthquakes. Radiocarbon dates place the most recent and penultimate events at about 1350 calibrated years before present (cal B.P.) and older than about 6250 cal B.P., respectively. An approximate fault-slip rate of approximately 0.7 mm/yr is calculated by dividing the 3.6-m offset that occurred in the most recent event by the time between the two radiocarbon ages ( approximately 5000 years). A second trench excavated across the Carson Range frontal fault in Reno, Nevada (Formula latitude) revealed a sharp, planar, low-angle failure surface dipping 33 degrees E, lending to the possibility that the active normal fault is characterized by a dip much lower than expected from standard frictional considerations.
    Print ISSN: 0037-1106
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-3573
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Seismological Society of America
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  • 7
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    Slip-Length Scaling in Large Earthquakes: The Role of Deep-Penetrating Slip below the Seismogenic Layer (2008)
    Seismological Society of America
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-08-01
    Description: Coseismic slip is observed to increase with earthquake rupture length for lengths far beyond the length scale set by the seismogenic layer. The observation, when interpreted within the realm of static dislocation theory and the imposed limit that slip be confined to the seismogenic layer, implies that earthquake stress drop increases as a function of rupture length for large earthquakes and, hence, that large earthquakes differ from small earthquakes. Here, a three-dimensional elastodynamic model is applied to show that the observed increase in coseismic slip with rupture length may be satisfied while maintaining a constant stress drop across the entire spectrum of earthquake sizes when slip is allowed to penetrate below the seismogenic layer into an underlying zone characterized by velocity-strengthening behavior. Is this deep coseismic slip happening during large earthquakes? We point to a number of additional associated features of the model behavior that are potentially observable in the Earth. These include the predictions that a substantial fraction, on the order of one-third of the total coseismic moment, is due to slip below the seismogenic layer and that slip below the seismogenic layer should be characterized by long rise times and a dearth of high-frequency motion.
    Print ISSN: 0037-1106
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-3573
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Seismological Society of America
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  • 8
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    Scaling Relations of Strike-Slip Earthquakes with Different Slip-Rate-Dependent Properties at Depth (2008)
    Seismological Society of America
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-06-01
    Description: Empirical observations suggest that earthquake stress drop is generally constant. To investigate the effect of rupture width on earthquake scaling relations, we analyze synthetic seismicity produced by a 3D vertical strike-slip fault model using two different profiles of frictional slip-rate behavior below the seismogenic zone. Within the rate-and-state framework, a relatively abrupt transition of the a-b profile from velocity weakening to strengthening at the base of the seismogenic crust produces increasing slip and stress drop with increasing event size. Choosing a smoother transition allows large earthquakes to propagate deeper, leading to similar slip-length scaling but constant stress-drop scaling. Our numerical experiments support the idea that the maintenance of constant stress drop across the entire range of observed earthquake magnitudes may be achieved by allowing coseismic slip to rupture to depths below the seismogenic layer.
    Print ISSN: 0037-1106
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-3573
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Seismological Society of America
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  • 9
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    Earthquake frequency distribution and the mechanics of faulting (1983)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 1983-11-10
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Electronic ISSN: 2156-2202
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by American Geophysical Union
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  • 10
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    Presidential Address: Seismic Hazard Analysis, Earthquake Prediction, and the SSA (1997)
    Seismological Society of America
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-09-01
    Print ISSN: 0895-0695
    Electronic ISSN: 1938-2057
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Seismological Society of America
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