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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 97 (2000), S. 83-92 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: metapopulation ; aphid ; parasitoid ; extinction ; colonisation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Metapopulation theory makes a number of predictions concerning the effects of dispersal on the persistence of predator-prey or host-parasitoid systems. While the stabilising effects of dispersal have been shown in a number of laboratory studies, evidence from field studies remains scarce due to a lack of suitable model systems. I describe a host-parasitoid system that shows a classical metapopulation structure with frequent extinctions and colonisations consisting of the aphidiid Lysiphlebus hirticornisand the aphid Metopeurum fuscoviride. Both the parasitoid and the aphid are specialists on their respective hosts. I followed the dynamics of host and parasitoid on individually marked tansy (Tanacetum vulgare) plants, the host of M. fuscoviride. Dynamics of host and parasitoid populations were characterized by frequent extinctions and colonisations. Mean longevity of aphid colonies was only 3.1 weeks. Parasitism by L. hirticorniswas a main cause of extinction for the aphid as rates of parasitism often reached 100%, in particular towards the end of the field season. Patchiness in this system occurs at two spatial scales. Aphid colonies form on single tansy ramets = shoots but movements of aphid individuals among ramets within a particular tansy genet are frequent. Because aphids can persist on a genet for a large numer of generations, it is argued that local populations form on genets rather than ramets. The number of host and parasitoid extinctions described in this study exceeds the number of extinctions usually observed in field studies of host-parasitoid metapopulations. It is suggested that aphid-parasitoid systems such as the one studied in this paper may be good models to test the predictions of metapopulation theory.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 70 (1994), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lysiphlebus cardui ; Aphis fabae cirsiiacanthoidis ; age-dependent foraging behaviour ; host-instar prefence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Foraging behaviour and host-instar preference of young and old females of the solitary aphid parasitoid,Lysiphlebus cardui Marshall (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae), were studied in the laboratory. The analysis of interactions between parasitoids and different stages ofAphis fabae cirsiiacanthoidis Scop. (Homoptera: Aphididae) revealed that encounter rates between aphids and parasitoid females and defence reactions of the aphids influenced the degree to which a particular aphid age class is parasitized. Encounter rates between hosts and parasitoid females depended on the foraging pattern of the parasitoid, which varied with age. In mixed aphid colonies patch residence time increased with parasitoid age. Furthermore, younger parasitoids (≦1 day old) laid more eggs into second and third instars, while older parasitoids (≧4 days old) did not show distinct host instar preferences. It is suggested that the oviposition behaviour ofL. cardui is influenced by the physiological state, i.e. the age of the wasp.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 76 (1995), S. 133-141 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Aphidius funebris ; Uroleucon jaceae ; aphid parasitoid ; foraging behaviour ; plant architecture ; host selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of plant architecture, host colony size, and host colony structure on the foraging behaviour of the aphid parasitoidAphidius funebris Mackauer (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) was investigated using a factorial experimental design. The factorial design involved releasing individual parasitoid females in aphid colonies consisting of either 10 or 20 individuals ofUroleucon jaceae L. (Homoptera: Aphididae) of either only larval instar L3 or a mixture of host instars, both on unmanipulated plants and on plants that had all leaves adjacent to the colony removed. Interactions between the parasitoid and its host were recorded until the parasitoid had left the plant. The time females spent on the host plant and the number of eggs laid varied greatly among females. Host colony size significantly affected patch residence time and the number of contacts between parasitoids and aphids. Plant architecture influenced the time-budget of the parasitoids which used leaves adjacent to the aphid colony for attacking aphids. Female oviposition rate was higher on unmanipulated plants than on manipulated plants. No further significant treatment effects on patch residence time, the number of contacts, attacks or ovipositions were found. Oviposition success ofA. funebris was influenced by instar-specific host behaviour. Several rules-of-thumb proposed by foraging theory did not account for parasitoid patch-leaving behaviour.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of ornithology 137 (1996), S. 53-75 
    ISSN: 1439-0361
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Wachtelkönig ist eine weltweit im Bestand bedrohte Vogelart, die in erster Linie in Dauergrünland brütet. Bei Schutzmaßnahmen wird meist versucht, den Mahdzeitpunkt zu verschieben, um das Überleben der Jungvögel zu sichern. Allerdings sind diese Maßnahmen bei Landwirten unerwünscht, da sie zu wirtschaftlichen Einbußen führen. In dieser Arbeit stellen wir ein neues Schutzprogramm für den Wachtelkönig vor, das auf unterschiedlichen Mahdzeitpunkten innerhalb einer Fläche basiert. Die Grundidee hierbei ist, daß Flächen, die früh gemäht werden, als Rückzugsflächen während der späteren Mahd anderer Flächen zur Verfügung stehen. In unsere Überlegungen gehen der altersabhängige Aktionsraum von Jungvögeln, der Zeitpunkt der möglichen Wiederbesiedelung von Flächen, aber auch die wirtschaftlichen Folgen für den Landwirt mit ein. Wir entwickeln ein Modell, mit dessen Hilfe die Folgen verschiedener Mahdregime für Wachtelkönige, aber auch für den Landwirt abgeschätzt werden können. Unser Modell zeigt, daß jede Form der Desynchronisation der Mahd die Überlebenschancen von Wachtelkönigen verbessert. Der günstigste Zeitpunkt der ersten Mahd richtet sich nach dem Ankunftsdatum der Vögel (rufende Männchen). Die Flächen sollten in Streifen gemäht werden, wobei für die Mahd benachbarter Flächen ein zeitlicher Abstand von mindestens vier Wochen anzustreben ist. Generell hat ein Aufschieben der Mahd günstige Auswirkungen, da der Aktionsraum der Jungvögel zunimmt, wobei jedoch die bereits genannten Punkte zu berücksichtigen sind. Der Wachtelkönigschutz und eine gewinnorientierte Bewirtschaftung der Flächen schließen sich zumindest in weniger ertragreichen Flächen nicht zwangsläufig aus; eine Verringerung der Gewinnspanne muß jedoch hingenommen werden.
    Notes: Abstract The Corncrake (Crex crex) is a globally threatened bird species that breeds in grasslands. Traditional conservation schemes aim to delay mowing dates to enhance nestling survival during mowing, but are unpopular among farmers because of the loss in revenue. In this paper, we propose a new approach to Corncrake conservation involving differential mowing of areas within the grassland. The rationale underlying this approach is that areas cut prior to the main mowing date provide places of refuge for the nestlings when the bulk of the grassland is mowed. We present evidence that the ability of nestlings to walk to nearby refuges is age-dependent and we develop a model to calculate the effect of differential mowing on bird survival and the profit of the farmer. The model also shows that grassland should be mowed in strips to enhance corncrake breeding success.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1573-8477
    Keywords: parasitoids ; foraging behaviour ; mortality risks ; Lysiphlebus cardui ; Trioxys angelicae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary It is often assumed that oviposition rate is the currency that parasitoids should maximize in order to maximize reproductive success. Female parasitoids foraging in a patchy environment face a variety of mortality risks that influence the survival of both themselves and their offspring. Maximizing oviposition rate ignores these risks. A model is developed to analyse the influence of female and offspring mortality risks on optimal patch residence time in time-limited solitary parasitoids. The optimal compromize between minimizing a female's own mortality risks and the mortality risks of her offspring in characterized. The optimal patch residence time is shown to be dependent on the relative magnitude of these mortality risks, as well as the rate with which reproductive success accumulates while on a patch. If travel time between patches is not fixed but a random variable, the optimal patch residence time decreases. However, variability in travel time increases expectations of total reproductive success. The model is illustrated with a case study in two aphid parasitoids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2020-10-07
    Description: Concern about the functional consequences of unprecedented loss in biodiversity has prompted biodiversity–ecosystem functioning (BEF) research to become one of the most active fields of ecological research in the past 25 years. Hundreds of experiments have manipulated biodiversity as an independent variable and found compelling support that the functioning of ecosystems increases with the diversity of their ecological communities. This research has also identified some of the mechanisms underlying BEF relationships, some context-dependencies of the strength of relationships, as well as implications for various ecosystem services that humankind depends upon. In this chapter, we argue that a multitrophic perspective of biotic interactions in random and non-random biodiversity change scenarios is key to advance future BEF research and to address some of its most important remaining challenges. We discuss that the study and the quantification of multitrophic interactions in space and time facilitates scaling up from small-scale biodiversity manipulations and ecosystem function assessments to management-relevant spatial scales across ecosystem boundaries. We specifically consider multitrophic conceptual frameworks to understand and predict the context-dependency of BEF relationships. Moreover, we highlight the importance of the eco-evolutionary underpinnings of multitrophic BEF relationships. We outline that FAIR data (meeting the standards of findability, accessibility, interoperability, and reusability) and reproducible processing will be key to advance this field of research by making it more integrative. Finally, we show how these BEF insights may be implemented for ecosystem management, society, and policy. Given that human well-being critically depends on the multiple services provided by diverse, multitrophic communities, integrating the approaches of evolutionary ecology, community ecology, and ecosystem ecology in future BEF research will be key to refine conservation targets and develop sustainable management strategies.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , peerRev
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2007-03-01
    Print ISSN: 0047-2425
    Electronic ISSN: 1537-2537
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Wiley
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2013-05-01
    Print ISSN: 0038-0717
    Electronic ISSN: 1879-3428
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Elsevier
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  • 9
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