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  • 1
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    Submarine radial vents on Mauna Loa Volcano, Hawai`i (2006)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2006. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 7 (2006): Q05001, doi:10.1029/2005GC001086.
    Description: A 2002 multibeam sonar survey of Mauna Loa’s western flank revealed ten submarine radial vents and three submarine lava flows. Only one submarine radial vent was known previously. The ages of these vents are constrained by eyewitness accounts, geologic relationships, Mn-Fe coatings, and geochemical stratigraphy; they range from 128 years B.P. to possibly 47 ka. Eight of the radial vents produced degassed lavas despite eruption in water depths sufficient to inhibit sulfur degassing. These vents formed truncated cones and short lava flows. Two vents produced undegassed lavas that created ‘‘irregular’’ cones and longer lava flows. Compositionally and isotopically, the submarine radial vent lavas are typical of Mauna Loa lavas, except two cones that erupted alkalic lavas. He-Sr isotopes for the radial vent lavas follow Mauna Loa’s evolutionary trend. The compositional and isotopic heterogeneity of these lavas indicates most had distinct parental magmas. Bathymetry and acoustic backscatter results, along with photography and sampling during four JASON2 dives, are used to produce a detailed geologic map to evaluate Mauna Loa’s submarine geologic history. The new map shows that the 1877 submarine eruption was much larger than previously thought, resulting in a 10% increase for recent volcanism. Furthermore, although alkalic lavas were found at two radial vents, there is no systematic increase in alkalinity among these or other Mauna Loa lavas as expected for a dying volcano. These results refute an interpretation that Mauna Loa’s volcanism is waning. The submarine radial vents and flows cover 29 km2 of seafloor and comprise a total volume of ~2 x 109 m3 of lava, reinforcing the idea that submarine lava eruptions are important in the growth of oceanic island volcanoes even after they emerged above sea level.
    Description: This project was funded by NSF grants OCE-97-29894 to M.G. and OCE-9818744 to J.M.R.
    Keywords: Hawaii ; Mauna Loa ; Submarine volcanism ; Radial vents ; Bathymetry ; Igneous petrology
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
    Format: 10619596 bytes
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Columnar calcites as testimony of diagenetic overprinting at the boundary between Upper Tournaisian dolomites and limestones (Belgium): multiple origins for apparently similar features (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Sedimentology 52 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3091
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: In topographic flat areas, sedimentary settings may vary from one outcrop to another. In these settings, calcite precipitates may yield macroscopically similar columnar features, although they are products of different sedimentary or diagenetic processes. Three columnar calcite crystal fabrics, i.e. rosettes, palisade crusts and macro-columnar crystal fans, have been differentiated near and at the contact between Upper Tournaisian dolomites and limestones along the southern margin of the Brabant-Wales Palaeohigh. Their petrographic characteristics, and geochemical and fluid inclusion data provide information on the (dia)genetic processes involved. Rosettes composed of non-luminescent columnar calcite crystal fans (1–5 cm in diameter) developed on top of one another, forming discrete horizons in repetitive sedimentary cycles. The cycles consist of three horizons: (I) a basal horizon with fragments from the underlying horizon, (II) a micrite/microspar horizon with incipient glaebules, (III) an upper horizon consisting of calcite rosettes, with desiccation features. The petrographical features and δ18O signatures of −10·0 to −5·5‰ and δ13C values of −5·5 to −3·2‰ support either evaporative growth, an evaporative pedogenic origin, or overprinting of marine precipitates. Palisade crusts, composed of a few to 10 mm long non-luminescent calcite crystals, coat palaeokarst cavities. Successive palisade growth-stages occur which are separated by thin laminae of micrite or detrital quartz, displaying a geopetal arrangement. Palisade crusts are interpreted as intra-Mississippian speleothems. This interpretation is supported by their petrographic characteristics and isotopic signature (δ18O = −8·7 to −6·5‰ and δ13C = −4·8 to −2·5‰). Macro-columnar crystals, 1–50 cm long, developed mainly perpendicular to cavity walls and dolomite clasts. Crystal growth stages in the macro-columnar crystals are missing. δ18O values vary between −16·4 and −6·8‰ and δ13C values between −5·2 and −0·9‰. These features possibly support a late diagenetic high temperature precipitation in relation to hydrothermal karstification.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.2005.00727.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Young formation age of a mantle plume source (1993)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 362 (1993), S. 715-721 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The Ninetyeast Ridge hotspot track displays strontium, neodymium and lead isotope variations over time that reflect simple radioactive decay in the plume source rather than a change in the mantle components present. The lead isotope variations indicate that the time spent by the plume source in a ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/362715a0
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temporal evolution of the Kerguelen plume: geochemical evidence from ∼38 to 82 Ma lavas forming the Ninetyeast Ridge (1995)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 121 (1995), S. 12-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  Basaltic basement has been recovered by deep-sea drilling at seven sites on the linear Ninetyeast Ridge in the eastern Indian Ocean. Studies of the recovered lavas show that this ridge formed from ∼82 to 38 Ma as a series of subaerial volcanoes that were created by the northward migration of the Indian Plate over a fixed magma source in the mantle. The Sr, Nd and Pb isotopic ratios of lavas from the Ninetyeast Ridge range widely, but they largely overlap with those of lavas from the Kerguelen Archipelago, thereby confirming previous inferences that the Kerguelen plume was an important magma source for the Ninetyeast Ridge. Particularly important are the ∼81 Ma Ninetyeast Ridge lavas from DSDP Site 216 which has an anomalous subsidence history (Coffin 1992). These lavas are FeTi-rich tholeiitic basalts with isotopic ratios that overlap with those of highly alkalic, Upper Miocene lavas in the Kerguelen Archipelago. The isotopic characteristics of the latter which erupted in an intraplate setting have been proposed to be the purest expression of the Kerguelen plume (Weis et al. 1993a,b). Despite the overlap in isotopic ratios, there are important compositional differences between lavas erupted on the Ninetyeast Ridge and in the Kerguelen Archipelago. The Ninetyeast Ridge lavas are dominantly tholeiitic basalts with incompatible element abundance ratios, such as La/Yb and Zr/Nb, which are intermediate between those of Indian Ocean MORB (mid-ocean ridge basalt) and the transitional to alkalic basalts erupted in the Kerguelen Archipelago. These compositional differences reflect a much larger extent of melting for the Ninetyeast Ridge lavas, and the proximity of the plume to a spreading ridge axis. This tectonic setting contrasts with that of the recent alkalic lavas in the Kerguelen Archipelago which formed beneath the thick lithosphere of the Kerguelen Plateau. From ∼82 to 38 Ma there was no simple, systematic temporal variation of Sr, Nd and Pb isotopic ratios in Ninetyeast Ridge lavas. Therefore all of the isotopic variability cannot be explained by aging of a compositionally uniform plume. Although Class et al. (1993) propose that some of the isotopic variations reflect such aging, we infer that most of the isotopic heterogeneity in lavas from the Ninetyeast Ridge and Kerguelen Archipelago can be explained by mixing of the Kerguelen plume with a depleted MORB-like mantle component. However, with this interpretation some of the youngest, 42–44 Ma, lavas from the southern Ninetyeast Ridge which have 206Pb/204Pb ratios exceeding those in Indian Ocean MORB and Kerguelen Archipelago lavas require a component with higher 206Pb/204Pb, such as that expressed in lavas from St. Paul Island.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The meta-igneous granulite xenoliths from Kerguelen Archipelago: evidence of a continent nucleation in an oceanic setting (1998)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 133 (1998), S. 259-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Xenoliths of meta-igneous origin occur as one of the two main types of ultramafic and mafic xenoliths entrained by alkaline lavas of the Kerguelen islands. These are designated type II xenoliths and are subdivided into three mineralogical groups. Subtype IIa and IIc xenoliths are interpreted as crystallisation products of basaltic melts that were emplaced near the crust-mantle boundary during the early tholeiitic–transitional magmatic activity of the Kerguelen islands. Younger magmatism became more alkaline and subtype IIb xenoliths were formed as high-pressure alkaline cumulates related to the last alkaline volcanic stage. Subsequently, the plagioclase-bearing type II rocks have been re-equilibrated under granulite facies conditions. This addition of mafic material around the crust-mantle boundary is consistent with seismic evidence for crustal thickening to 14–20 km. Calculated compressional seismic velocities (Vp) for the basic granulites are consistent with the range of observed Vp in the low-velocity region underlying the oceanic crust. Such growth in the thickness of the oceanic crust may be caused by intrusion of basalts at different levels in the lithosphere and may provide the heat responsible for granulitic metamorphism in the oceanic setting. This study suggests that basic granulites can account for the observed seismic characteristics of oceanic plateaux and can be important components of Kerguelen oceanic lithosphere where there has been large-scale magma production. Moreover we speculate that the Kerguelen islands and perhaps the surrounding plateau represent a continental nucleation process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004100050451
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  • 6
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    (Appendix) Petrographic information, trace element and Sr isotope ratios of Pito Deep samples
    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Barker, A K; Coogan, Laurence A; Gillis, Kathryn M; Weis, Dominique A M (2008): Strontium isotope constraints on fluid flow in the sheeted dike complex of fast spreading crust: Pervasive fluid flow at Pito Deep. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 9, Q06010, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GC001901
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-05-12
    Description: Fluid flow through the axial hydrothermal system at fast spreading ridges is investigated using the Sr-isotopic composition of upper crustal samples recovered from a tectonic window at Pito Deep (NE Easter microplate). Samples from the sheeted dike complex collected away from macroscopic evidence of channelized fluid flow, such as faults and centimeter-scale hydrothermal veins, show a range of 87Sr/86Sr from 0.7025 to 0.7030 averaging 0.70276 relative to a protolith with 87Sr/86Sr of ~0.7024. There is no systematic variation in 87Sr/86Sr with depth in the sheeted dike complex. Comparison of these new data with the two other localities that similar data sets exist for (ODP Hole 504B and the Hess Deep tectonic window) reveals that the extent of Sr-isotope exchange is similar in all of these locations. Models that assume that fluid-rock reaction occurs during one-dimensional (recharge) flow lead to significant decreases in the predicted extent of isotopic modification of the rock with depth in the crust. These model results show systematic misfits when compared with the data that can only be avoided if the fluid flow is assumed to be focused in isolated channels with very slow fluid-rock exchange. In this scenario the fluid at the base of the crust is little modified in 87Sr/86Sr from seawater and thus unlike vent fluids. Additionally, this model predicts that some rocks should show no change from the fresh-rock 87Sr/86Sr, but this is not observed. Alternatively, models in which fluid-rock reaction occurs during upflow (discharge) as well as downflow, or in which fluids are recirculated within the hydrothermal system, can reproduce the observed lack of variation in 87Sr/86Sr with depth in the crust. Minimum time-integrated fluid fluxes, calculated from mass balance, are between 1.5 and 2.6 * 10**6 kg/m**2 for all areas studied to date. However, new evidence from both the rocks and a compilation of vent fluid compositions demonstrates that some Sr is leached from the crust. Because this leaching lowers the fluid 87Sr/86Sr without changing the rock 87Sr/86Sr, these mass balance models must underestimate the time-integrated fluid flux. Additionally, these values do not account for fluid flow that is channelized within the crust.
    Keywords: -; Al-4076; Al-4081; Al-4082; Al-4086; Alteration; ALVIN; Area/locality; AT11-23; Atlantis (1997); Barium; Caesium; Cerium; Chromium; Cobalt; Copper; Depth, bathymetric; Depth, relative; Dysprosium; Epidote; Erbium; Europium; Event label; Gadolinium; Grain size description; Hafnium; Holmium; Inductively coupled plasma - mass spectrometry (ICP-MS); J2-119-1; J2-119-2; J2-123-4; J2-123-5; Lanthanum; LATITUDE; Lead; LONGITUDE; Lutetium; Mineral assemblage; Neodymium; Nickel; Praseodymium; Remote operated vehicle Jason II; ROVJ; Rubidium; Samarium; Sample code/label; Sample code/label 2; Sample comment; Scandium; Strontium; Strontium-87/Strontium-86 ratio; Strontium-87/Strontium-86 ratio, error; Submersible Alvin; Terbium; Thorium; Thulium; Titanium; Uranium; Vanadium; Western Pacific; Ytterbium; Yttrium; Zinc; Zirconium
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 3523 data points
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  • 7
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    (Table S2) Major and trace element concentration from ODP Holes 146-888B and 168-1027B (2016)
    PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-09
    Keywords: 146-888B; 168-1027B; Aluminium oxide; Barium; Caesium; Calcium oxide; Cerium; Chromium; Cobalt; Copper; DEPTH, sediment/rock; DRILL; Drilling/drill rig; Dysprosium; Erbium; Europium; Event label; Gadolinium; Hafnium; Holmium; HR-ICP-MS, Thermo Finnigan Element 2; ICP-OES, Perkin-Elmer, Optima 3000 DV; Iron oxide, Fe2O3; Joides Resolution; Juan de Fuca Ridge, North Pacific Ocean; Lanthanum; Lead; Leg146; Leg168; Lithium; Lithologic unit/sequence; Loss on ignition; Lutetium; Magnesium oxide; Manganese oxide; Neodymium; Nickel; Niobium; North Pacific Ocean; Ocean Drilling Program; ODP; Phosphorus pentoxide; Potassium oxide; Praseodymium; Rubidium; Samarium; Sample code/label; Sample comment; Scandium; Silicon dioxide; Sodium oxide; Strontium; Tantalum; Terbium; Thorium; Titanium dioxide; Total; Uranium; Vanadium; Ytterbium; Yttrium; Zinc; Zirconium
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 3042 data points
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  • 8
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    (Table 1) Strontium, Neodymium, Hafnium and Lead isotopic compositions from ODP Hole 146-888B, 168-1027B and 168-1027C (2016)
    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Carpentier, Marion; Weis, Dominique A M; Chauvel, Catherine (2014): Fractionation of Sr and Hf isotopes by mineral sorting in Cascadia Basin terrigenous sediments. Chemical Geology, 382, 67-82, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2014.05.028
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-09
    Description: Oceanic sediments deposited on continental margins consist mainly of erosion products of the nearby exposed continental areas. Detrital input usually dominates their geochemical budget, and the composition of these sediments should record potential changes in their continental sources. However, along margins, mineral sorting associated with transport and sedimentary processes induces significant chemical and isotopic fractionation over a few tens of kilometers. The study of margin sediments should help to quantify the extent of modification of the continental terrigenous supply when it reaches deep oceans. Reported Sr, Nd, Hf and Pb isotopic compositions of fifty-seven sediments from the northernmost part of the Cascade forearc (Ocean Drilling Program, ODP, Sites 888 and 1027) suggest the involvement of two dominant end-members coming from the nearby Canadian Cordillera. Erosion products of the depleted, western part of the Cordillera dominate the detrital input, while the eastern enriched terranes of the Cordillera contribute only 10 to 28% of the input. There is no marked change of provenance of sediments during the last 3.5 Myr and they all appear unaffected by glacial-interglacial climate cycles. The average isotopic compositions of the two sites are slightly different, but are both dominated by continental signature; these values can be used in future studies to identify any subducted sediment contribution to the Cascades Arc. On a finer scale, there are differences in the isotopic signature between samples dominated by clay minerals and those with coarser lithologies. For a given Nd isotopic composition, fine sediments have more radiogenic Sr and Hf isotope ratios than sands, and we interpret the difference as resulting from mineral sorting during transport of the particles. Fine sediments concentrate minerals with radiogenic Sr and Hf such as clays and micas, while coarse-grained detritus carry the unradiogenic mineral component of a given source rock through plagioclase-epidote and zircon. ODP Site 1027 is located 100 km further away from continent than ODP Site 888 and contains more clay. As a consequence, it has significantly more radiogenic Sr and Hf bulk composition than ODP Site 888. Similar differences in isotopic signatures related to the distance to continent certainly occur in other areas in the word, and will account for a large part of differences known between continental sources and deep-sea sediments.
    Keywords: 146-888B; 168-1027B; 168-1027C; DEPTH, sediment/rock; DRILL; Drilling/drill rig; DSDP/ODP/IODP sample designation; Event label; Finnigan TRITON thermal ionization mass spectrometer (TIMS); Hafnium-176/Hafnium-177; Hafnium-176/Hafnium-177, error; Joides Resolution; Juan de Fuca Ridge, North Pacific Ocean; Lead-206/Lead-204 ratio; Lead-206/Lead-204 ratio, error; Lead-207/Lead-204 ratio; Lead-207/Lead-204 ratio, error; Lead-208/Lead-204 ratio; Lead-208/Lead-204 ratio, error; Leg146; Leg168; Lithologic unit/sequence; Multi-Collector ICP-MS (MC-ICP-MS), Nu Plasma (#021); Neodymium-143/Neodymium-144 ratio; Neodymium-143/Neodymium-144 ratio, error; North Pacific Ocean; Ocean Drilling Program; ODP; Sample code/label; Sample comment; Strontium-87/Strontium-86 ratio; Strontium-87/Strontium-86 ratio, error
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 936 data points
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  • 9
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    (Table 1) Major and trace element concentrations of basaltic rocks from ODP Hole 183-1137A (2002)
    PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-09
    Keywords: 183-1137A; Alkali index; Aluminium oxide; Barium; Calcium oxide; Cerium; Chromium; DEPTH, sediment/rock; DRILL; Drilling/drill rig; DSDP/ODP/IODP sample designation; Europium; Gallium; Hafnium; Indian Ocean; Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) (Reimann et al., 1998); Iron oxide, Fe2O3; Joides Resolution; Lanthanum; Leg183; Loss on ignition; Lutetium; Magnesium number; Magnesium oxide; Manganese oxide; Neodymium; Nickel; Niobium; Ocean Drilling Program; ODP; Phosphorus pentoxide; Potassium oxide; Rubidium; Samarium; Sample code/label; Sample comment; Scandium; Silicon dioxide; Sodium oxide; Strontium; Tantalum; Terbium; Thorium; Titanium dioxide; Vanadium; X-ray fluorescence (XRF); Ytterbium; Yttrium; Zinc; Zirconium
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 1129 data points
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  • 10
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    (Appendix B) Analyses of alteration minerals of ODP Leg 121 basalts (1991)
    PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-09
    Keywords: 121-756D; 121-757C; 121-758A; Aluminium; Aluminium oxide; Calcium; Calcium oxide; Calculated based on oxygen number; Cations; DRILL; Drilling/drill rig; DSDP/ODP/IODP sample designation; Elements, total; Event label; Indian Ocean; Interlayer charge; Iron 2+ and 3+; Iron oxide, FeO; Joides Resolution; Leg121; Magnesium; Magnesium number; Magnesium oxide; Manganese; Manganese oxide; Ocean Drilling Program; ODP; Potassium; Potassium oxide; Sample code/label; Sample comment; Silicon; Silicon/Aluminium ratio; Silicon dioxide; Sodium; Sodium oxide; South Indian Ridge, South Indian Ocean; Sum; Titanium; Titanium dioxide; X-ray fluorescence (XRF)
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 256 data points
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