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  • 1
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    New York : Institut of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
    Associated volumes
    Call number: MOP S 12288
    In: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 629-638
    Series Statement: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 26,5
    Location: MOP - must be ordered
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2022-05-04
    Description: X-band Synthetic Aperture Radars (X-SARs), able to image the Earth’s surface at metric resolution, may provide a unique opportunity to measure rainfall over land with spatial resolution of about few hundred meters, due to the atmospheric moving-target degradation effects. This capability has become very appealing due to the recent launch of several X-SAR satellites, even though several remote sensing issues are still open. This work is devoted to: (i) explore the potential of X-band high-resolution detection and retrieval of rainfall fields from space using X-SAR signal backscattering amplitude and interferometric phase; (ii) evaluate the effects of spatial resolution degradation by precipitation and inhomogeneous beam filling when comparing to other satellite-based sensors. Our X-SAR analysis of precipitation effects has been carried out using both a TerraSAR-X (TSX) case study of Hurricane “Gustav” in 2008 over Mississippi (USA) and a COSMO-SkyMed (CSK) X-SAR case study of orographic rainfall over Central Italy in 2009. For the TSX case study the near-surface rain rate has been retrieved from the normalized radar cross section by means of a modified regression empirical algorithm (MREA). A relatively simple method to account for the geometric effect of X-SAR observation on estimated rainfall rate and firstorder volumetric effects has been developed and applied. The TSX-retrieved rain fields have been compared to those estimated from the Next Generation Weather Radar (NEXRAD) in Mobile (AL, USA). The rainfall detection capability of X-SAR has been tested on the CSK case study using the Correspondence to: F. S. Marzano (marzano@die.uniroma1.it) repeat-pass coherence response and qualitatively comparing its signature with ground-based Mt. Midia C-band radar in central Italy. A numerical simulator to represent the effect of the spatial resolution and the antenna pattern of TRMMsatellite Precipitation Radar (PR) and Microwave Imager (TMI), using high-resolution TSX-retrieved rain images, has been also set up in order to evaluate the rainfall beam filling phenomenon. As expected, the spatial average can modify the statistics of the high-resolution precipitation fields, strongly reducing its dynamics in a way non-linearly dependent on the rain rate local average value.
    Description: Published
    Description: 859-875
    Description: 1.10. TTC - Telerilevamento
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: rain ; SAR ; 05. General::05.08. Risk::05.08.02. Hydrogeological risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0012-1606
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0014-4827
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0304-4165
    Keywords: (Bull sperm flagellum) ; Ca^2^+ binding ; Calmodulin ; Immunofluorescence ; Motility
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0304-4165
    Keywords: (Bull sperm flagellum) ; Ca^2^+ binding ; Calmodulin ; Immunofluorescence ; Motility
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 195 (1962), S. 791-792 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Accepted electromagnetic theory does not predict any change in frequency for radiation passing through a magnetic field; some scattering effects are expected to take place at very high magnetic field strengths3. The measurements were carried out by allowing the 14-keV y-rays emitted by iron-57 to ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 304 (1983), S. 141-143 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The radiative transfer calculations of Savage and Weinman1 for a rain cloud over land show that the upwelling radiation at 37 GHz should be sensitive to changes in rain rate up to rates of 20 mm h-1. When the Earth is viewed obliquely in vertical and horizontal polarizations, the radiation from ...
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Medical & biological engineering & computing 15 (1977), S. 22-31 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Haemodynamics ; Patient monitoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommaire La photopléthysmographie permet de faire des enregistrements non-envahissants des impulsions volumétriques du sang artériel. La méthode est basée sur la surveillance d'une lumière infra-rouge diffusée en arrière et a une valeur diagnostique prometteuse: les formes des impulsions volumétriques dépendent de la performance cardiaque et de l'élasticité artérielle. Toutefois la faible reproductibilité des photopléthysmogrammes lors des essais répétés au même sujet réduit leur valuer. La formation des photopléthysmogrammes eux-mêmes a été étudiée à l'aide de blocs d'agar incorporant des vaisseaux remplis de sang. On a observé deux procédés optiques: (a) l'atténuation par le vaisseau de la lumière diffusée en arrière et réfléchie vers l'arrière: dans ce cas l'extension du vaisseau donne ‘moins’ de lumière au niveau du capteur; (b) le réfléchissement de la lumière par la paroi du vaisseau à proximité du capteur, et l'extension du vaisseau donne ‘plus’ de lumiére au capteur, ce qui neutralise l'atténuation. Les effets conjugués de (a) et (b) font que la forme d'impulsion enregistrée dépend de la position du capteur relative à l'artère. Les capteurs des impulsions volumétriques qui surveillent mécaniquement (par exemple, par cristaux piézo-électriques) le déplacement des parois artérielles sont susceptibles de produire des artéfacts similaires. Les possibilités de minimiser ces artéfacts, en utilisant des définitions de capteur améliorées, sont plus prometteuses pour la photopléthysmographie.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Durch Reflektionsphotoplethysmographie ist eine nichtagressive Registrierung der arteriellen Blutvolumenimpulse möglich. Dieses Verfahren basiert auf der Überwachung von rückgestreutem infrarotem Licht und hat einen vielversprechenden diagnostischen Wert: Die Volumenimpulsformen hängen von der Herzleistung und Elastizität der Arterien ab. Die schlechtere Reproduzierbarkeit von Photoplethysmogrammen bei wiederholten Versuchen am gleichen Patienten beeinträchtigt jedoch ihre Nützlichkeit. Die eigentliche Bildung von Photoplethysmogrammen wurde unter Verwendung von Agarblocks mit darin eingebetteten blutgefüllten Gefäßen untersucht. Es wurden zwei optische Vorgänge beobachtet: (a) Dämpfung von rückgestreutem und zurückgeworfenem Licht durch das Gefäß. Hier führt die Gefäßerweiterung zu ‘weniger’ Licht am Fühler. (b) Lichtreflektion durch die Gefäßwand, die dem Fühler am nächsten liegt. Durch Gefäßerweiterung ist ‘mehr’ Licht am Fühler verfügbar, und dies wirkt der Dämpfung entgegen. Die kombinierten Wirkungen von (a) und (b) machen die registrierte Pulsform abhängig vom Meßwandler im Vergleich zur Arterienposition. Volumenpuls-Meßwandler, die die Verlagerung von Arterienwänden mechanisch überwachen (d.h. piezoelektrische Kristalle) erzeugen wahrscheinlich ähnliche Artefakten. Die Aussichten, diese Artefakten auf eine Mindestmaß zu beschränken, indem ein verbesserter Meßwandler eingesetzt wird, sind für die Photoplethysmographie vielversprechender.
    Notes: Abstract Reflection photoplethysmography allows noninvasive recording of arterial-blood-volume pulses. The method is based on monitoring backscattered infrared light and has promising diagnostic value: volume pulse shapes depend on cardiac performance and arterial elasticity. The poor repooducibility of photoplethysmograms at repeated trials on the same subject impairs their usefulness, however. The actual formation of photoplethysmograms was invastigated using agar blocks with blood-filled vessels embedded in them. Two optical processes were observed: (a) Attenuation by the vessel of backscattered and back-reflected light, here vessel extension leads to ‘less’ light at the sensor;(b) Light reflection by the vessel wall proximal to the sensor, and vessel extension gives rise to ‘more’ light at the sensor, this counteracts the attenuation. The combined effects of (a) and (b) make the recorded pulse shape dependent on the transducer/artery position relationship. Volume-pulse transducers that monitor the displacement of arterial walls mechanically (e.g. piezoelectric crystals) are liable to produce similar artefacts. The prospects of minimising these artefacts, by using improved transducer designs, are promising.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Medical & biological engineering & computing 10 (1972), S. 496-503 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommaire Une étude rigoureuse de quelques exemples de techniques cardiovasculaires nonenvahissantes, à la fois directes et indirectes, montre leur imprécision clinique et/ou le manque de bases scientifiques fermes. L'auteur propose qu'une organisation internationale soit la garante, surveille et évalue les résultats de projets de recherche traitant des techniques de diagnostique non-evanahissantes. Celle-ci prendrait la forme d'un centre d'orientation et de conseil dans les techniques de diagnostiques basées sur des principes de physique et de mécanique. Les ‘cliniciens’ y auraient recours avec la même confiance que les mécaniciens industriels ont recours aux diverses facilités de recherche mécanique établies. Ceci retiendrait l'affluence d'instruments inutiles et non éprouvés dans les cliniques et découragerait l'usage de méthodes basées sur des phénomènes physiques réagissant sur des tissus vivants de manières jusqu'alors mal comprises.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Ein genauer Anblick auf einige Beispiele der nichtangreifenden, kardiovaskulären Techniken, dirket wie auch indirekt, zeigt ihre klinischen Ungenauigkeiten bzw. ihren Mangel an einer festen, wissenschaftlichen Grundlage. Der Verfasser schlägt die Schöpfung einer internationalen Organisation vor, um die Ergebnisse der Forschungsprojekte über nichtangreifende, diagnostische Techniken zu fördern, überwachen und auszuwerten. Diese würde sich zu einem Zentrum für die Führung und das Ratgeben über diagnostische Techniken mit der Grundlage auf physischen und technischen Prinzipien entwickeln. Kliniker würden mit dem gleichen Vertrauen davon Gebrauch machen als Ingenieure ihr Vertrauen den verschiedenen, bestehenden, technischen Forschungsorganisationen schenken. Die Einführung nutzloser oder unerprobter Geräte in Kliniken würde sich dabei beschränken und zur gleichen Zeit würde man physischen Erscheinungen zugrundeliegenden Verfahren abraten, da sie mit lebenden Geweben auf eine Art und Weise gegenseitig wirken, die man noch nicht richtig versteht.
    Notes: Abstract A close look at a few examples of noninvasive cardiovascular techniques, both direct and indirect, shows their clinical inaccuracy and/or lack of a firm scientific basis. The author proposes an international organisation to sponsor, supervise and evaluate the results of research projects dealing with noninvasive diagnostic techniques. This would develop into a centre for guidance and advice in diagnostic techniques based on physical and engineering principles. Clinicians would resort to it with the same degree of confidence as industrial engineers to the various established engineering research facilities. It would also restrain the influx into clinics of useless or untried instrumentation and would discourage use of methods based on physical phenomena interacting with living tissue in ways not yet well understood.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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