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  • 1
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: High pressure ; pressure calibration ; ZnTe ; synchrotron X-ray source ; DIA type cubic anvil apparatus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Pressure behavior of ZnTe at room temperature was studied using an X-ray energy dispersive method on a DIA type cubic anvil apparatus (SAM-85) at NSLS-X17B1. By using powdered polyethylene, the sample and NaCl for a pressure scale were held under quasihydrostatic conditions, which were confirmed by X-ray diffraction method. Two high-pressure phase transitions were confirmed using X-ray powder diffraction simultaneously with electrical resistance measurements. The phase transition pressures under quasihydrostatic conditions were determined to be 9.6 GPa, at which the resistance increased, and 12.0 GPa, which was the midpoint of a large resistance decrease. Errors in the pressure determinations were estimated to be less than 0.2 GPa. These pressure values may depend on grain size and anisotropic stress effects on the calibrant. From X-ray observation of ZnTe, the bulk modulus of the zinc blende structure was calculated to beK 0=51(3) GPa andK 0 ′ =3.6(0.8), and the first transition at 9.6 GPa was found to have about 9% volume change. It was consistent with an anomaly in the pressure generating curves.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 146 (1996), S. 533-549 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Lower mantle ; seismic tomography ; thermoelasticiti ; composition models ; geodynamics ; shear modulus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We estimate (ϖμ/ϖT) P of the lower mantle at seismic frequencies using two distinct approaches by combining ambient laboratory measurements on lower mantle minerals with seismic data. In the first approach, an upper bound is estimated for |(ϖμ/ϖT) P | by comparing the shear modulus (μ) profile of PREM with laboratory room-temperature data of μ extrapolated to high pressures. The second approach employs a seismic tomography constraint (ϖ lnV S /ϖ lnV P ) P =1.8–2, which directly relates (ϖμ/ϖT) P with (ϖK S /ϖT) P . An average (ϖK S /ϖT) P can be obtained by comparing the well-established room-temperature compression data for lower mantle minerals with theK S profile of PREM along several possible adiabats. Both (ϖK S /ϖT) and (ϖμ/ϖT) depend on silicon content [or (Mg+Fe)/Sil of the model. For various compositions, the two approaches predict rather distinct (ϖμ/ϖT) P vs. (ϖK S /ϖT) P curves, which intersect at a composition similar to pyrolite with (ϖμ/ϖT) P =−0.02 to −0.035 and (ϖK S /ϖT) P =−0.015 to −0.020 GPa/K. The pure perovskite model, on the other hand, yields grossly inconsistent results using the two approaches. We conclude that both vertical and lateral variations in seismic velocities are consistent with variation due to pressure, temperature, and phase transformations of a uniform composition. Additional physical properties of a pyrolite lower mantle are further predicted. Lateral temperature variations are predicted to be about 100–250 K, and the ratio of (ϖ lnp/ϖ lnV S ) P around 0.13 and 0.26. All of these parameters increase slightly with depth if the ratio of (ϖ lnV S /ϖ lnV P ) P remains constant throughout the lower mantle. These predicted values are in excellent agreement with geodynamic analyses, in which the ratios (ϖ ln ϱ/ϖ lnV S ) P and (ϖ ϱ/ϖ lnV S ) P are free parameters arbitrarily adjusted to fit the tomography and geoid data.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 419 (2002), S. 824-826 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The Earth's lower mantle consists mainly of (Mg,Fe)SiO3 perovskite and (Mg,Fe)O magnesiowüstite, with the perovskite taking up at least 70 per cent of the total volume. Although the rheology of olivine, the dominant upper-mantle mineral, has been extensively studied, ...
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 66 (1995), S. 2370-2371 
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 32 (1999), S. 218-225 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: This report discusses a new method to determine experimental pressure–volume–temperature (P–V–T) data and to correct misalignment of diffraction optics using thermoelastic equations of state of multiple phases. Analytical approaches as well as numerical approaches are presented for the technique. A number of phase combinations yield the best experimental result and the whole-pattern Rietveld and/or Le Bail refinement of diffraction patterns of multiple phases is a significant aspect of the technique. Specific examples indicate that the corrected pressure, temperature and diffraction optics are robust. Errors are estimated from the uncertainties of the measured cell dimensions. The error propagation for different experimental cases is discussed, along with the conditions and limitations of the method. This technique for P–V–T determination and the correction of diffraction optics is crucial for experiments conducted under extreme conditions of high pressure, high temperature and dynamic reactions.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Physics and chemistry of minerals 10 (1984), S. 261-272 
    ISSN: 1432-2021
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The single-crystal elastic moduli, c ij x, of the olivine (α) and spinel (γ) polymorphs of nickel orthosilicate have been measured at atmospheric pressure and 20° C by Brillouin spectroscopy. The results are (Mbar), Ni2SiO4 olivine: c 11=3.40(2), c 22=2.38(2), c 33=2.53(2), c 44=0.71(1), c 55=0.87(1), c 66=0.78(1), c 12=1.09(2), c 13=1.10(4), c 23=1.13(3), Ni2SiO4 spinel: c 11=3.66(3), c 44=1.06(1), c 12=1.55(3). In comparing these results with extant elasticity data for olivine- and spinel-type compounds we find distinctive elastic characteristics related to crystal structure, and systematic trends due only to compositional variation. For silicate olivines, the longitudinal moduli decrease in the order c 11〉c 33〉c 22, regardless of composition. The moduli c 55 and c 66 are approximately equal, and greater than c 44. The former relationship is related to differences in polyhedral linkages along the crystallographic axes, whereas the latter may result from rotational freedom of SiO4 tetrahedra in response to different directions of shear. Composition affects elasticity most directly through the relative magnitudes of $$\bar c_{12} 〉 \; = (c_{12} + c_{13} + c_{23} )/3$$ and $$\bar c_{44} = (c_{44} + c_{55} + c_{66} )/3$$ . When transition-metal cations are six-coordinated by oxygen $$\bar c_{12} 〉 \bar c_{44}$$ , and when alkaline-earth cations are six-coordinated $$\bar c_{44} 〉 \bar c_{12}$$ . The longitudinal moduli along and normal to the close-packed directions of spinels are similar, reflecting the framework-like arrangement of octahedra. These longitudinal moduli exhibit little compositional dependence upon tetrahedral cations but vary dramatically with octahedral substitution. Our data indicate that tetrahedral cations affect elastic properties more as the oxygen positional parameter, u, decreases. The u parameter is also directly related to elastic anisotropy. While γ-Ni2SiO4 (u=0.244) is elastically isotropic, anisotropy increases rapidly as u approaches a limiting value near 0.27, and may be related to mechanical stability of the spinel structure. The longitudinal wave velocities along close-packed directions in α and γ Ni2SiO4 are equal. Thus, for an α-γ polymorphic pair, the assumptions of elastic isotropy of the γ phase and equal velocities in close-packed directions of α and γ allows the c ij's and shear modulus of a spinel-structure silicate to be estimated from c 11 of the corresponding α phase and the bulk modulus of the γ phase.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Physics and chemistry of minerals 16 (1989), S. 360-364 
    ISSN: 1432-2021
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The adiabatic single-crystal elastic moduli of a beryllium silicate (phenacite: Be2SiO4, trigonal, have been determined at atmospheric pressure and 22° C by Brillouin spectroscopy. The elastic stiffness moduli in gigapascals are: C 11=341.9 C 33=391.0 C 44=91.4 C 66= 96.9 C 12=148.0 C 13=136.0 C 14= 0.1 C 15= 3.5 Overall, the elastic stiffness moduli for phenacite parallel and perpendicular to the c axis are comparable (i.e., it is almost cubic in its elastic “signature”). The elastic moduli can be rationalized in terms of division of the structure into two types of coordination polyhedra (1Si+2Be) with slightly different stiffnesses, which are linked to form a three dimensional framework. Values of the isothermal bulk modulus and the linear compressibilities, as determined from hydrostatic compression experiments of Hazen and Au (1986), are in good agreement with those obtained here. Combining the two studies indicates a low pressure derivative of the bulk modulus for phenacite.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Physics and chemistry of minerals 4 (1979), S. 105-113 
    ISSN: 1432-2021
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The thirteen single-crystal elastic moduli for diopside as determined by the acoustic technique based on Brillouin scattering are: c11=2.23, c22=1.71, c33=2.35, c44=0.74, c55=0.67, c66=0.66, c12=0.77, c13=0.81, c15=0.17, c23=0.57, c25=0.07, c35=0.43, c46=0.073. The Reuss bound of the adiabatic bulk and shear moduli calculated from these data are K s=1.08 Mbar and G=0.651 Mbar. The room-pressure isothermal bulk modulus, K T , and the pressure derivative of the bulk modulus, K′ T have also been determined on a four-circle diffractometer, from a single crystal mounted in a gasketed opposed-anvil diamond cell, giving values of K T =1.13 Mbar and K′ T =4.8. The principal axes of the strain ellipsoid, calculated from the elastic moduli and observed in the static compression data, are identical, and the linear compressibilities are in reasonable agreement. The single-crystal elastic moduli can be correlated with the structural features of diopside.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Physics and chemistry of minerals 23 (1996), S. 520-525 
    ISSN: 1432-2021
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The adiabatic single-crystal elastic moduli of superhydrous B, Mg10Si3O14(OH)4, have been measured at ambient conditions using Brillouin spectroscopy. This material is the first hydrous phase found to be stable at the extreme conditions of 20 GPa and 1400 °C. The single-crystal moduli, in GPa, are: C 11=280.0±1.5, C 22=307.4±1.6, C 33=293.4±1.4, C 44=90.0±1.1, C 55=99.2±0.8, C 66=89.6±0.6, C 12=66.1±2.2, C 13=105.6±2.6, C 23=81.8±2.6. With aggregate elastic properties of K VRH =154.0±4.2 and μ VRH =97.0±0.7 GPa, superhydrous B is approximately 16% suffer than forsterite and 20% softer than magnesium silicate spinel; it is also considerably more elastically isotropic than forsterite. The single-crystal moduli are compared to those of forsterite, magnesium silicate spinel and periclase, materials that are both structurally and compositionally similar to superhydrous B. The longitudinal moduli of superhydrous B and forsterite follow similar trends and appear to be dominated by the incompressibility and rotation of silicon tetrahedra. The shear and off-diagonal moduli more closely resemble those of periclase and spinel and may reflect the properties inherent to layers of magnesium octahedra.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Physics and chemistry of minerals 13 (1986), S. 360-370 
    ISSN: 1432-2021
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A modified rigid-ion model is developed based on coordination polyhedra as the fundamental modelling units in a crystal structure. A crystal structure is represented by its constituent coordination polyhedra that are treated as three-dimensional elastic continua. Elastic moduli, experimentally determined or otherwise assumed, are ascribed to these coordination polyhedra. Finite element analysis is applied to retrieve the interatomic force information implicit in the elastic moduli of these polyhedra. The polyhedral approach provides a framework to model noncentral and many-body forces in a conventional lattice calculation because the elastic moduli contain much information on the nature of static interatomic forces within a crystal structure. The polyhedral model of the single-crystal elastic moduli of forsterite compares very well with the observed data; the average deviation of the calculated elastic moduli from the measured elastic moduli is within 6 percent.
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