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  • 1
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    Ecological Science and the Human Predicament (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-10-30
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science
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    PAPER CURRENT
  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Resource-use efficiency and plant invasion in low-resource systems (2007)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 446 (2007), S. 1079-1081 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] No species can maximize growth, reproduction and competitive ability across all environments, so the success of invasive species is habitat-dependent. Nutrient-rich habitats often experience more invasion than resource-poor habitats, a pattern consistent with traits generally associated with ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature05719
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Consequences of changing biodiversity (2000)
    [s.l.] : Macmillan Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 405 (2000), S. 234-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Human alteration of the global environment has triggered the sixth major extinction event in the history of life and caused widespread changes in the global distribution of organisms. These changes in biodiversity alter ecosystem processes and change the resilience of ecosystems to environmental ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35012241
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Variability in temperature regulation of CO2 fluxes and N mineralization from five Hawaiian soils: implications for a changing climate (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Global change biology 1 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: We examined the possibility that microbial adaptation to temperature could affect rates of CO2, N2O and CH4 release from soils. Laboratory incubations were used to determine the functional relationship between temperature and CO2, N2O and CH4 fluxes for five soils collected across an elevational range in Hawaii. Initial rates of CO2 production and net N mineralization increased exponentially from 15 °C to 55 °C; initial rates of CH4 and N2O release were more complex. No optimum temperature (in which rates decline at higher and lower temperatures) was apparent for any of the gases, but respiration declined with time at higher temperatures, suggesting rapid depletion of readily available substrate. Mean Q10S for respiration varied from 1.4 to 2.0, a typical range for tropical soils. The functional relationship between CO2 production and temperature was consistent among all five soils, despite the substantial differences in mean annual temperature, soils, and land-use among the sites. Temperature responses of N2O and CH4 fluxes did not follow simple Q10 relationships suggesting that temperature functions developed for CO2 release from heterotrophic respiration cannot be simply extrapolated. Expanding this study to tropical heterotrophic respiration, the flux is more sensitive to changes in Q10 than to changes in temperature on a per unit basis: the partial derivative with respect to temperature is 2.4 Gt C ·° C−1 with respect to Q10, it is 3.5 Gt C · Q10 unit−1. Therefore, what appears to be minor variability might still produce substantial uncertainty in regional estimates of gas exchange.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.1995.tb00011.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interactive effects of elevated CO2, N deposition and climate change on extracellular enzyme activity and soil density fractionation in a California annual grassland (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Global change biology 11 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Elevated CO2, N deposition and climate change can alter ecosystem-level nutrient cycling both directly and indirectly. We explored the interactive effects of these environmental changes on extracellular enzyme activity and organic matter fractionation in soils of a California annual grassland. The activities of hydrolases (polysaccharide-degrading enzymes and phosphatase) increased significantly in response to nitrate addition, which coincided with an increase in soluble C concentrations under ambient CO2. Water addition and elevated CO2 had negative but nonadditive effects on the activities of these enzymes. In contrast, water addition resulted in an increase in the activities of lignin-degrading enzymes (phenol oxidase and peroxidase), and a decrease in the free light fraction (FLF) of soil organic matter. Independent of treatment effects, lignin content in the FLF was negatively correlated with the quantity of FLF across all samples. Lignin concentrations were lower in the aggregate-occluded light fraction (OLF) than the FLF, and there was no correlation between percent lignin and OLF quantity, which was consistent with the protection of soil organic matter in aggregates. Elevated CO2 decreased the quantity of OLF and increased the OLF lignin concentration, however, which is consistent with increased degradation resulting from increased turnover of soil aggregates. Overall, these results suggest that the effects of N addition on hydrolase activity are offset by the interactive effects of water addition and elevated CO2, whereas water and elevated CO2 may cause an increase in the breakdown of soil organic matter as a result of their effects on lignin-degrading enzymes and soil aggregation, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.001007.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Decomposition of Metrosideros polymorpha leaf litter along elevational gradients in Hawaii (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Global change biology 6 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: We examined interactions between temperature, soil development, and decomposition on three elevational gradients, the upper and lower ends of each being situated on a common lava flow or ash deposit. We used the reciprocal transplant technique to estimate decomposition rates of Metrosideros polymorpha leaf litter during a three-year period at warm and cool ends of each gradient. Litter quality was poorest early in soil development or where soils were most intensely leached and waterlogged. In situ litter decomposition was slowest on the young 1855 flow (k=  0.26 and 0.14 at low and high elevation, respectively). The more fertile Laupahoehoe gradient also supported more rapid in situ decay at the warmer low elevation site (k=  0.90) than at high elevation (k=  0.51). The gradient with the most advanced soil development showed no difference for in situ decay at low and high elevations (k=  0.88 and 0.99, respectively) probably due to low soil nutrient availability at low elevation, which counteracted the effect of warmer temperature. Comparisons of in situ, common litter, and common site experiments indicated that site factors influenced decomposition more than litter quality did. The effect of temperature, however, could be over-ridden by soil fertility or other site factors. Field gradient studies of this sort yield variable estimates of apparent Q10, even under the best conditions, due to interactions among temperature, moisture, nutrient availability, decomposer communities and litter quality. Such interactions may be as likely to occur with changing climate as they are along elevational gradients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00282.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Foliar and Litter Nutrients, Nutrient Resorption, and Decomposition in Hawaiian Me t rosideros polymorpha (1998)
    Springer
    Ecosystems 1 (1998), S. 401-407 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-0629
    Keywords: Key words: nutrient cycling; nitrogen; phosphorus; decomposition; lignin; resorption; Hawaii; Metrosideros; fertilization.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: ABSTRACT The native tree Metrosideros polymorpha dominates Hawaiian forests across a very wide range of soil fertility, including both sites where forest production is limited by nitrogen (N) and others where it is limited by phosphorus (P). Five long-term fertilization experiments have further broadened the range of nutrient availabilities experienced by Metrosideros. Adding P to P-limited sites increased foliar P concentrations threefold and litter P concentrations up to 10-fold; lignin concentrations decreased, and the decomposability of leaf litter increased from 32%–35% to 36%–46% mass loss in the first year. Adding N to N-limited sites increased leaf and litter N concentrations by only 15%–20%, with little or no effect on the decomposability of tissue.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100219900033
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nutrient Limitation to Nitrogen Fixation in Young Volcanic Sites (1999)
    Springer
    Ecosystems 2 (1999), S. 505-510 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-0629
    Keywords: Key words: Hawaii; 15N abundance; N fixation; N limitation; phosphorus; primary succession.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: ABSTRACT I used measures of 15N natural abundance and of nitrogenase activity (acetylene reduction) to examine whether the supply of non-N nutrients limits rates of N2 fixation on young volcanic substrates in Hawaii. Leaves of the dominant tree (Metrosideros polymorpha, a nonfixer) were strongly depleted in 15N in control plots (–10.8 to –11.10/00). More than 5 y of repeated fertilization with P increased δ15N to –8.9 to –9.90/00, and the addition of all other essential plant nutrients (except N) together with P further increased 15N to –8.1 to –9.30/00. This pattern is consistent with enhanced N2 fixation, because newly fixed N would have a δ15N near 00/00. Assays of nitrogenase activity in the experimental plots demonstrated that potential N fixation associated with nonvascular plants and with tree and fern litter were increased significantly by additions of P and by the combined nutrient treatment; when these were added together, the increase in nitrogenase activity was 6- to 11-fold over control plots. The supply of P and other weathering-derived nutrients constrains rates of N2 fixation in these young volcanic sites and thereby contributes to the maintenance of N limitation to primary production and other ecosystem processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100219900098
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in Asymbiotic, Heterotrophic Nitrogen Fixation on Leaf Litter of Metrosideros polymorpha with Long-Term Ecosystem Development in Hawaii (2000)
    Springer
    Ecosystems 3 (2000), S. 386-395 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-0629
    Keywords: Key words: asymbiotic nitrogen fixation; chronosequence; lithophilic nutrients; soil development.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We measured nitrogenase activity (acetylene reduction) of asymbiotic, heterotrophic, nitrogen-fixing bacteria on leaf litter from the tree Metrosideros polymorpha collected from six sites on the Hawaiian archipelago. At all sites M. polymorpha was the dominant tree, and its litter was the most abundant on the forest floor. The sites spanned a soil chronosequence of 300 to 4.1 million y. We estimated potential nitrogen fixation associated with this leaf litter to be highest at the youngest site (1.25 kg ha-1 y-1), declining to between 0.05 and 0.22 kg ha-1 y-1 at the oldest four sites on the chronosequence. To investigate how the availability of weathered elements influences N fixation rates at different stages of soil development, we sampled M. polymorpha leaf litter from complete, factorial fertilization experiments located at the 300-y, 20,000-y and 4.1 million–y sites. At the youngest and oldest sites, nitrogenase activity on leaf litter increased significantly in the plots fertilized with phosphorus and “total” (all nutrients except N and P); no significant increases in nitrogenase activity were measured in leaf litter from treatments at the middle-aged site. The results suggest that the highest rates of N fixation are sustained during the “building” or early phase of ecosystem development when N is accumulating and inputs of geologically cycled (lithophilic) nutrients from weathering are substantial.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100210000034
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Climate Cycles, Geomorphological Change, and the Interpretation of Soil and Ecosystem Development (2000)
    Springer
    Ecosystems 3 (2000), S. 522-533 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-0629
    Keywords: Key words: chronosequence; soil development; climate history; erosion; subsidence; Hawaii; ecosystem development; slow processes.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We evaluated changes in temperature and precipitation associated with climate change, subsidence, and erosion on a chronosequence of sites across Hawaii. The sites range in age from 0.3 to 4100 ky, and the current temperature and precipitation are similar at all sites. Interpretations of fossil pollen records suggest that cooler, dryer conditions prevailed in windward Hawaii during the last glacial period. If the previous glacial periods were similar, the 20-, 150-, and 1400-ky-old sites would have spent 60% or more of their development under relatively cool and dry conditions, whereas the 0.3- and 2.1-ky-old sites have experienced only the warmer, wetter climate of the present interglacial. Subsidence and erosion have also affected the temperature and precipitation of these sites over time; in the past, some of them have been in the dry air above the trade wind inversion or in the lee of larger mountains. Combining these components of change, we estimate that the average temperature over the history of Pleistocene-aged sites (20, 150, and 1400 ky) was up to 2.2°C cooler and that the average precipitation was only about 50% of current values. Under current conditions, it would take only 230 ky for as much water to leach through the 1400-ky-old site as we calculate has leached over 1400 ky. Incorporating more reasonable assumptions about environmental history has the potential to allow more powerful interpretations of chronosequence data and thereby improve the predictive potential of models of soil and ecosystem development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100210000046
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