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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Environmental biosafety and transgenic potato in a centre of diversity for this crop (2004)
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 432 (2004), S. 222-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The Nuffield Council on Bioethics suggests that introgression of genetic material into related species in centres of crop biodiversity is an insufficient justification to bar the use of genetically modified crops in the developing world. They consider that a precautionary approach to forgo the ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature03048
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression of a cassava granule-bound starch synthase gene in the amylose-free potato only partially restores amylose content (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 22 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Granule-bound starch synthase I (GBSS I) is responsible for the synthesis of amylose in starch granules. A heterologous cassava GBSS I gene was tested for its ability to restore amylose synthesis in amylose-free (amf) potato mutants. For this purpose, the cassava GBSS I was equipped with different transit peptides. In addition, a hybrid containing the potato transit peptide, the N-terminal 89 amino acids of the mature potato GBSS I, and the C-terminal part of cassava GBSS I was prepared. The transgenic starches were first analysed by iodine staining. Only with the hybrid could full phenotypic complementation of the amf mutation be achieved in 13% of the plants. Most transformants showed partial complementation, but interestingly the size of the blue core was similar in all granules derived from one tuber of a given plant. The amylose content was only partially restored, up to 60% of wild-type values or potato GBSS I-complemented plants; however, the GBSS activity in these granules was similar to that found in wild-type ones. From this, and the observation that the hybrid protein (a partial potato GBSS I look-alike) performs best, it was concluded that potato and cassava GBSS I have different intrinsic properties and that the cassava enzyme is not fully adapted to the potato situation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.1999.00493.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gene expression and carbohydrate content during stolon to tuber transition in potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 90 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In using an efficient and synchronised in vitro tuberisation system the transition of axillary buds from stolons to tubers in Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Bintje was followed. After 5 or 6 days on tuber-inducing medium all axillary buds had formed tubers which increased in size until the experiment was ended at day 10. Concomitantly with the visible appearance of tubers the fresh weight of the axillary buds increased as well as their starch content. Soluble sugar content, notably glucose, increased until tuberisation occurred and dropped after that. In the daily sampled explants gene expression was studied at several levels. RNA was isolated from the different explants during the whole tuberisation experiment and northern blots were probed with cDNAs encoding genes involved in starch- and patatin-biosynthesis. It was shown that in the very early stages of development hardly any transcript could be detected. Only one day before visible swelling occurred were clear signals obtained for all the genes investigated. Although it was evident that coordinate expression of starch biosynthetic genes did occur, it was not in a similar fashion for all the genes. Sucrose synthase and ADPG-pyrophosphorylase B were expressed in an identical fashion which was different from ADPG-pyrophosphorylase S, granule-bound starch synthase and branching enzyme. The RNA levels of these three latter genes reached a maximum at day 5, remaining constant until the experiment was finished. The transcript levels of sucrose synthase and ADPG-pyrophosphorylase B reached their highest level at day 5 after which they dropped to a lower level at day 10. Patatin gene expression was clearly different from that of the starch biosynthetic genes: it steadily increased from day 4 until the end of the experiment. Enzyme activities of sucrose synthase. ADPG-pyrophosphorylase and branching enzyme confirmed the RNA expression data and showed that ADPG-pyrophosphorylase enzyme activity reached a maximum at day 4 after which it dropped. The other two enzyme activities could be detected at or one day after tuberisation occurred and increased until the experiment was ended.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1994.tb00389.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Developmental changes of enzymes involved in conversion of sucrose to hexose-phosphate during early tuberisation of potato (1997)
    Springer
    Planta 202 (1997), S. 220-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Key words: Fructokinase ; Hexokinase ; Invertase ; Solanum ; Sucrose synthase ; Tuberisation (sucrose metabolism)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. A highly synchronised in-vitro tuberisation system, based on single-node cuttings containing an axillary bud, was used to investigate the activity patterns of enzymes involved in the conversion of sucrose to hexose-phosphates during stolon-to-tuber transition of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Two different non-tuberising systems were included to distinguish between changes that are or are not tuber-specific. At tuberisation the activity of soluble acid invertase decreased (13-fold) and of sucrose synthase increased (12-fold). The activity of both enzymes remained unchanged in the non-tuberising treatments. Based on the opposite patterns and large difference in activity of these two sucrolytic enzymes, we conclude that sucrose synthase constitutes the predominant route of sucrose breakdown after tuber initiation. During the period before tuberisation, the activity of cell-wall-bound invertase and of hexokinase showed a highly positive correlation (r 2 = 0.96 in all the three treatments, suggesting coordinated coarse control of both enzyme activities. After the onset of tuberisation cell-wall-bound invertase activity decreased to a very low level, a change not observed in the non-tuberising systems, indicating that cell-wall-bound invertase is presumably not involved in the unloading mechanism and/or short-distance transport of sucrose within the perimedulla of growing tubers. The overall activity of fructokinase and of hexokinase both showed a fourfold increase after tuber initiation, but remained unchanged in the non-tuberising systems. The increase of fructokinase suggests that the phosphorylation of fructose by fructokinase down-regulates the cytosolic fructose content in order to maintain a high sucrose-synthase-catalysed net flux of sucrose to phosphorylated hexoses during rapid tuber growth. The increase of total glucose-phosphorylating potential could be a response to the tuberisation-related starch accumulation process. The activity of UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase showed no developmental change. The level of UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase activity is very likely the result of metabolic regulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004250050122
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    GBSS T-DNA inserts giving partial complementation of the amylose-free potato mutant can also cause co-suppression of the endogenous GBSS gene in a wild-type background (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 31 (1996), S. 731-739 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: complementation ; expression ; co-suppression ; granule-bound starch synthase ; Solanum tubersoum L. ; transgenic inheritance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The wild-type gene encoding granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS) is capable of both complementing the amylosefree (amf) potato mutant and inhibiting the endogenous GBSS gene expression in wild-type potato. Co-suppression of the endogenous GBSS gene, easily visualised by staining the starch with iodine, occurred when the full-size GBSS sequence (genomic), GBSS cDNA or even the mutant amf allele were introduced into the wild-type potato. Conversely, introduction of the GBSS promoter sequence alone, did not result in co-suppression in the 80 analysed transformants. Neither the orientation of the GBSS gene with respect to kanamycin resistance nor the presence of an enhancer influenced the frequency of plants showing a co-suppression phenotype. After crossing a partially complemented amf mutant with a homozygous wild-type plant, the F1 offspring segregated into plant phenotypes with normal and decreased expression of the GBSS gene. This decreased expression correlated with the presence of a linked block of five T-DNA inserts which was previously shown to be correlated with partial complementation of the amf mutant. This crossing experiment indicates that co-suppression can cause inhibition of gene expression of both inserted and endogenous wild-type GBSS genes. The frequency of partially complemented amf plants was equal to the frequency of co-suppressed wild types when a construct, with an enhancer in front of the GBSS promoter, was used (pWAM 101E). This might suggest that partial complementation of the amf genotype caused by unstable expression of the transgene can be overcome by inserting an enhancer in front of the GBSS promoter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00019461
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Field evaluation of transgenic potato plants expressing an antisense granule-bound starch synthase gene: increase of the antisense effect during tuber growth (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 26 (1994), S. 1759-1773 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: antisense RNA ; field trial ; granule-bound starch synthase ; Solanum tuberosum L. ; transgenic plants ; tuber development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Transgenic plants of a tetraploid potato cultivar were obtained in which the amylose content of tuber starch was reduced via antisense RNA-mediated inhibition of the expression of the gene encoding granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS). GBSS is one of the key enzymes in the biosynthesis of starch and catalyses the formation of amylose. The antisense GBSS genes, based on the full-length GBSS cDNA driven by the 35S CaMV promoter or the potato GBSS promoter, were introduced into the potato genome by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. Expression of each of these genes resulted in the complete inhibition of GBSS gene expression, and thus in the production of amylose-free tuber starch, in mature field-grown plants originating from rooted in vitro plantlets of 4 out of 66 transgenic clones. Clones in which the GBSS gene expression was incompletely inhibited showed an increase of the extent of inhibition during tuber growth. This is likely to be due to the increase of starch granule size during tuber growth and the specific distribution pattern of starch components in granules of clones with reduced GBSS activity. Expression of the antisense GBSS gene from the GBSS promoter resulted in a higher stability of inhibition in tubers of field-grown plants as compared to expression from the 35S CaMV promoter. Field analysis of the transgenic clones indicated that inhibition of GBSS gene expression could be achieved without significantly affecting the starch and sugar content of transgenic tubers, the expression level of other genes involved in starch and tuber metabolism and agronomic characteristics such as yield and dry matter content.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00019490
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression of a chimaeric granule-bound starch synthase-GUS gene in transgenic potato plants (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 17 (1991), S. 691-699 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: chimaeric gene ; granule-bound starch synthase ; sugar inducibility ; Solanum tuberosum L. ; transgenic plants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Granule-bound starch synthase is the key enzyme in amylose synthesis. The regulation of this gene was investigated using a chimaeric gene consisting of a 0.8 kb 5′ upstream sequence of the granule-bound starch synthase gene from potato and the β-glucuronidase gene which was introduced into potato using an Agrobacterium tumefaciens binary vector system. The chimaeric gene was highly expressed in stolons and tubers, whereas the expression in leaves, stems or roots from greenhouse-grown plants was relatively low. However, leaves from in vitro grown plantlets exhibited an elevated GUS expression. The expression of the chimaeric gene was inducible in leaves by growth on relatively high concentrations of sucrose, fructose and glucose and was about 30- to 50-fold higher than in leaves from greenhouse-grown plants. The granule-bound starch synthase gene is expressed organ-specifically since stolons and tubers showed GUS activities 125- to 3350-fold higher than in leaves. The activities in these two organs are 3- to 25-fold higher than the expression of the CaMV-GUS gene. Histochemical analysis of different tissues showed that only certain regions of leaves and roots express high GUS activities. Stolons and tubers show high expression.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00037054
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The protein composition of the cytoplasmic membrane of aerobically and anaerobically grownEscherichia coli (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes 16 (1984), S. 295-307 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6881
    Keywords: Escherichia coli ; crossed immunoelectrophoresis ; cytoplasmic membrane proteins ; aerobic growth ; anaerobic growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The protein composition of the cytoplasmic membranes ofEscherichia coli, grown aerobically and anaerobically on a glucose minimal medium at pH 7.0, were analyzed by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. Qualitative differences are limited to only two proteins: nitrate reductase (E.C. 1.7.99.4) is absent under aerobic growth conditions, whereas an unidentified protein, with a molecular weight of 81,500 and located at the inner side of the cytoplasmic membrane, is synthesized only in the presence of oxygen. Quantitative differences are observed for many proteins: the ratio of the amount of a specific protein present in cells grown anaerobically and aerobically was, for four proteins, between 0.3 and 1; for 25 proteins, between 1 and 3; and for five proteins, larger than 5.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00744282
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression of wild-type GBSS transgenes in the off-spring of partially and fully complementedamylose-free transformants of potato (1996)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 2 (1996), S. 211-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: complementation ; granule-bound starch synthase ; Solanum tuberosum L. ; expression ; transgenic inheritance ; ploidy level
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Theamylose-free (amf) potato mutant can easily be complemented through introduction of the wild-type gene coding for granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS). After iodine staining the starch of theamf mutant is red whereas that of the wild type and the complementedamf mutant is blue. The level of complementation of selected transformants and their sexual off-spring after backcrossing withamf was investigated using sporophytic tuber cells and gametophytic microspore cells. Two diploid and two tetraploid transformants with full complementation demonstrated the expected segregation patterns of 1:1 (one active insert) or 3:1 (two independently segregating active inserts) in the microspores and in the F1 offspring based on staining of tubers. All expected genotypes in the F1 generation were found, based on microspore segregation patterns of the individual F1 plants. Two transformants with partial complementation (mixed phenotypes) were investigated. One of them, B1, was tetraploid and duplex for the GBSS insert, which had originated through mitotic doubling of the transformed diploid cells. In the F1 generation three phenotypic classes were found:amf, fully complemented and partially complemented. The latter two classes exist independently of a simplex or duplex gene status. The second transformant with partial complementation, B10, appeared to have a complex molecular composition. One cluster of five transgenes caused the partial complementation. Fully and partially complemented phenotypic classes were found after crossing B10 with theamf mutant. Indications were found that the ploidy level of the tissue in which the genes were introduced and expressed played an important role. Firstly, partial complementation was found after transformation of the diploid and not of the tetraploidamf genotypes. Secondly, the level of complementation was higher in tissue with lower ploidy levels, as illustrated by the colour of the starch inin vitro tubers (2x–4x cells) versus field-grown tubers (16x–64x).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00564198
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cloning and expression analysis of a potato cDNA that encodes branching enzyme evidence for co-expression of starch biosynthetic genes (1991)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 230 (1991), S. 39-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Branching enzyme ; Potato ; Starch synthesis ; Sucrose induction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary One of the key enzymes involved in the formation of amylopectin, which is the major component of starch, is branching enzyme. A cDNA for potato branching enzyme was cloned by screening a tuber-specific cDNA expression library using an antiserum directed against a denatured preparation of the protein. Complementation of an Escherichia coli strain deficient in branching enzyme was achieved using a construct derived from this clone. Analysis of the expression of the gene in potato revealed a close association with conditions favouring starch biosynthesis. The expression pattern of the gene coding for potato branching enzyme, as analyzed at the mRNA level, closely resembles that of 4GPase S, a gene coding for one of the subunits of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, which is the key regulatory enzyme in the starch biosynthetic pathway. This raises the possibility that enzymes involved in the pathway are coordinately regulated at the transcriptional level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00290648
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