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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 207 (1965), S. 151-154 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] IN recent years petrologists have devoted considerable attention to the volcanic islands of the oceans, and the Hawaiian archipelago, in particular, has been accepted as a classic area for the study of basalts1-3. From a review of the literature on oceanic basalt islands it became apparent that ...
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Wir beschreiben Gruppen von grobkörnigen Klasten (‘Plutonic nodules’) in der Scoria von zwei separaten mafischen post-caldera parasitischen Kratern am Sete Cidades Vulkan: Diese umfassen Dunite, Wehrlite, Olivin-Klinopyroxenite und Olivin-Gabbros in dem ankaramitischen Kegel von Eguas. In den basaltisch-hawaiitischen Kegeln von Pico das Camarinhas, kommen Pyroxen-Hornblendite, Kaersutit-Gabbros und Diorite vor. Wir nehmen an, daß die plutonischen nodules Kumulate repräsentieren, die in der Kruste aus Magmen kristallisierten, die mit den post-caldera mafischen Laven, die an den Flanken von Sete Cidades ausgetreten sind kogenetisch sind. Die Dunite, Wehrlite, Pyroxenite und Olivin-Gabbros führen Paragenesen und Mineral-Zusammensetzungen, die im Einklang mit einer Entwicklung als frühe Hoch Temperatur-Kumulate sind. Hingegen stellen die Pyroxen-Hornblendite, Kaersutit-Gabbros und Diorite niedriger temperierte Produkte dar. Die Kaersutit-Gabbros waren zur Zeit /:ihrer Umlagerung noch nicht ganz auskristallisiert und führen bis zu 4% intercumulus trachytisches oder tephriphonolitisches Glas, die Pyroxenhornblendite und die Diorite sind jedoch ganz kristallisiert. Die Zusammensetzungen der Interkumulusgläser sind denen von post-caldera trachytischen Bimssteinen von Sete Cidades ähnlich. Obwohl die zwei Gruppen plutonischer Klasten als komplementär betrachtet werden können, stammen sie wahrscheinlich von verschiedenen Intrusionen. Es dürfte sich um eine lensoide (lakkolithische) Intrusion in geringer Tiefe als Quelle für die Pyroxenhomblendit-Kärsutitgabbro-Diorit-Abfolge handeln, während die Gruppe der Dunite, Wehrlite, Olivinklinopyroxenite und Olivingabbro-Nodules wahrscheinlich aus größerer Tiefe stammt.
    Notes: Summary Suites of coarse-grained clasts (“plutonic nodules“) within the scoria of two separate mafic post-caldera parasitic vents, on Sete Cidades volcano, are described. These involve dunites, wehrlites, olivine clinopyroxenites, clinopyroxenites and olivine gabbros in the Eguas ankaramitic cone and pyroxene hornblendites, kaersutite gabbros and diorites in the Pico das Camarinhas basaltic-hawaiitic cone. The plutonic nodules are inferred to be cumulates, crystallised within the crust from magmas co-genetic with the post-caldera mafic lavas erupted on the flanks of Sete Cidades. The dunites, wehrlites, pyroxenites and olivine gabbros have assemblages and mineral composition consistent with growth as early, high-temperature cumulates, whereas the pyroxene hornblendites, kaersutite gabbros and diorites represent lower temperature products. However, whereas the kaersutite gabbros were not wholly crystallised at the time of their disruption and contain up to 4% intercumulus trachytic and/or tephriphonolitic glass, the pyroxene hornblendites and the diorites were fully crystallised. Compositions of the intercumulus glasses are similar to those of postcaldera trachytic pumices erupted on Sete Cidades. Although the two suites of plutonic clasts can be considered as complementary, they probably derive from different intrusions. We envisage a lensoid (laccolithic) intrusion at very shallow depth as the source for the pyroxene hornblendite - kaersutite gabbro -diorite suite whereas the dunite - wehrlite - olivine clinopyroxenite - clinopyroxenite -olivine gabbro nodules probably originate from intrusive bodies at greater depth.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mineralogy and petrology 69 (2000), S. 227-265 
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung ¶Petrologie des Alkali-Komplexes von Ditrau in den Ost-Karpaten Der Ditrau-Komplex im östlichen Transsylvanien, Rumänien, ist ein großer (ca. 18 km Durchmesser) mesozoischer Alkali-Komplex, der in einem extensionalen Umfeld im Zusammenhang mit dem Aufbrechen eines Kontinentalrandes entstanden ist. Es liegt eine bogenförmige, exzentrische Gruppe von Intrusionen vor, innerhalb derer der Fokus von West nach Ost gewandert ist. Während der Großteil des Komplexes aus salischen Gesteinen (Syeniten, Nephelin-Syeniten und Alkali Graniten) besteht, liegen auch intermediäre Gesteine (Monzonite, Monzodiorite und Alkali Diorite) vor, die in Alkaligabbros übergehen. Isolierte Massen von ultramafischen Gesteinen könnten Autolithe, die aus frühen Kumulaten abstammen, darstellen. Die ältesten Komponenten scheinen die ultramafischen, gabbroischen und dioritischen Gesteine des Nordwestens zu sein, während das große Gebiet von Nephelin-Syeniten im Osten des Komplexes das jüngste Intrusionsstadium darstellt. Ein Intervall mit Gang-Intrusion und verbreiteter hydrothermaler Umwandlung markiert das Ende dieser Aktivität. Gesteine von gegensätzlicher Zusammensetzung zeigen häufig komplizierte geometrische Beziehungen. Diejenigen zwischen mafischen (besondern alkaligabbroischen und dioritischen) Typen und salischen (Syeniten und Quarz-Syeniten) zeigen polsterartige Formen, die auf möglicherweise gleichzeitige Platznahme von mafischen und salischen Magmen hinweisen; dabei dürften die ersteren die letzteren intrudiert haben. Mischung, Mingling und Hybridisation ist in diesen polsterförmigen Assoziationen weit verbreitet. Olivin ist auf einige der ultramafischen Gesteine beschränkt. Die basischen Gesteine enthalten diopsidischen Pyroxen und Amphibole, die von Kaersutit über “ferroan” Pargasit zu Hastingsit übergehen, obwohl auch edenitische und aktinolitische Varietäten vorkommen. Titanit ist weit verbreitet und eine Hauptkomponente in einigen Typen der basischen Gesteine. Die Syenite bestehen aus sodischem Plagioklas, Alkali-Feldspat und Hastingsit, während Nephelin-Syenite, Alkali-Feldspat, Nephelin und Aeginin-Augit mit akzessorischem Cancrinit, Skapolith und Sodalit umfassen. Der Ditrau-Komplex dürfte aus primitiven basanitischen Magmen entstanden sein, die sich als “small-fraction” asthenosphärischer Schmelzen bildeten, mit progressiver Evolution bis hin zu phonolitischen Residuen. Fraktionierte Kristallisation dürfte Olivin und Spinell in den Frühstadien betroffen haben, gefolgt vom Auftreten des Klinopyroxen und Amphibol (wobei Olivin in den zunehmend wasserreichen Restschmelzen verlorengeht). Eine allgemeine Zunahme in Nb/Ta von basischen zu nephelinsyenitischen Zusammensetzungen wird auf Titanit-Fraktionierung zurückgeführt. Die Entwicklung in Richtung Silika-übersättigter Produkte geht auf krustale Assimilation und fraktionelle Kristallisation des basischen Magmas in einem relativ frühen Stadium der Entwicklung des Komplexes zurück. Ein allgemeiner Anstieg in δ18O mit zunehmendem SiO2 unterstützt diese Schlußfolgerung. Daten aus der breiten metamorphen Aureole des Komplexes, die Bedeutung der Amphibole und extensive Alteration im Spätstadium der Entwicklung vieler Gesteine (mit Bildung von Skapolith, Soldalit und Cancrinit) weist darauf hin, dass die Ditrau-Magmen sehr reich an volatilen Phasen waren. Die nach oben zu konkaven (Chondrit-normalisierten) SEE-Verteilungsmuster in den salischen Gesteinen dürften auf Mineralfraktionierung (Kaersuit, Titanit, Apatit) die vorzugsweise MSEE entfernt hat, Ansammlung von HSEE-reichen Phasen (Zirkon) und Wechselwirkungen mit späten Fluiden, die an HSEE angereichert waren, zurückgehen. Die intrusive Abfolge und die Wechselbeziehungen zwischen den basischen und salischen Gesteinen legt nahe, dass geschichtete Magmenkörper entstanden sind, wobei salische Schmelzen die dichteren basaltischen Schmelzen überlagert haben. Während der darauf folgenden Platznahme dürfte Magmamixing stattgefunden haben.
    Notes: Summary ¶The Ditrau complex in eastern Transsylvania, Romania is a large (ca. 18 km diameter) Mesozoic alkaline igneous complex generated in an extensional environment associated with a rifted continental margin. It comprises an eccentric arcuate suite of intrusions in which there was a generalised migration of focus from west to east. Whereas most of the complex consists of salic rocks (syenites, nepheline syenites and alkali granites) a spectrum of intermediate rock types (monzonites, monzodiorites and alkali diorites) grades to alkali gabbros. Isolated masses of ultramafic rocks may represent autoliths derived from early cumulates. The earliest components appear to be the ultramafic, gabbroic and dioritic rocks of the north-west whereas the large area of nepheline syenites in the east of the complex represents the youngest large-scale intrusive event. An interval of dyke intrusion and widespread hydrothermal alteration marked the end of activity. Rocks of contrasted composition commonly show intricate and complex geometric relationships. Those between mafic (especially alkali gabbroic and dioritic) facies and salic (syenite and quartz syenite) facies display pillowy forms suggesting synchronous emplacement of mafic and salic magmas with the former intruded into, and chilled against, the latter. Mixing, mingling and hybridisation in these pillowed associations has been widespread. Olivine is confined to some of the ultramafic rocks. The basic rocks contain diopsidic pyroxene and amphibole ranging from kaersutite through ferroan pargasite to hastingsite although edenitic and actinolitic varieties occur. Titanite is ubiquitous and is a major component in some facies of the basic rocks. The syenites consist of sodic plagioclase, alkali feldspar and hastingsite whereas the nepheline syenites comprise alkali feldspar, nepheline and aegirine-augite with accessory cancrinite, scapolite and sodalite. The complex is deduced to have been generated from primitive basanitic magmas, formed as small-fraction asthenospheric melts, with progressive evolution through to phonolitic residues. Fractional crystallisation is inferred to have involved olivine and spinel in the early stages, followed by the incoming of clinopyroxene and amphibole (with loss of olivine in increasingly hydrous residual melts). A generalised increase in Nb/Ta from basic to nepheline syenite compositions is ascribed to titanite fractionation. The divergence towards silica oversaturated products is attributed to crustal assimilation and concomitant fractional crystallisation of the basic magmas at a relatively early stage in the development of the complex. An overall rise in δ18O with increasing SiO2 supports this conclusion. Evidence from the broad metamorphic aureole around the complex, the importance of amphiboles and extensive late-stage alteration of many of the rocks (with formation of e.g. scapolite, sodalite and cancrinite), suggests that the Ditrau magmas were notably volatile-rich. Factors responsible for the upwardly concave (chondrite-normalised) REE patterns exhibited by the salic rocks may include fractionation of minerals (kaersuite, titanite, apatite) preferentially removing MREE, accumulation of HREE-rich phases (zircon) and interaction with late-stage fluids enriched in HREE. The intrusive sequence and the inter-relationships of the basic and salic rocks suggest that stratified magma bodies may have been generated, with salic melts overlying denser basaltic melts. Mixing is inferred to have taken place during subsequent emplacement.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 260 (1976), S. 517-518 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The clasts within and around the veit comprise mainly altered alkali basalt and basaltic tuff, with a wide variety of quartzitic sandstones and scarcer chers, limestones and indurated shales. Some relatively coarse-gained biotite-rich mafic and ultramafic clasts also occur andinclude (altered) ...
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 206 (1965), S. 26-27 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] RODRIGUEZ ISLAND lies some 650 km east of Mauritius at 19 42' S. and 63 25' E., at the eastern extremity of a submarine rise trending east-west between the Mascarene and ChagosSt. Paul rises. The Island is 18.3 km long by 6.5 km broad and has a central ridge parallel to its long axis which trends ...
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 35 (1972), S. 139-158 
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The peridotitic and gabbroic rocks described occur a) as a tectonically emplaced layered body in Piton des Neiges volcano, b) as blocks in basaltic agglomerate, Piton des Neiges, and c) as nodular inclusions in lavas of both Piton des Neiges and Piton de la Fournaise volcanoes. All are associated with the olivine basalts of the early shield-forming growth stages and not later alkaline lavas, thereby contrasting with the Hawaiian situation. Rock-types include dunite, clinopyroxenite, wehrlite, feldspathic wehrlite, olivine eucrite, allivalite, (bytownite) anorthosite and gabbro. The peridotites and most of the gabbroic rocks are inferred to be cumulates formed in floored magma chambers occurring at depths from 30 km upwards. The inclusion suite is probably derived from repetitive layered units consisting predominantly of ol + sp cumulates with sporadic development of ol + cpx±sp and ol + cpx + plag cumulate horizons.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 89 (1985), S. 90-101 
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Rodrigues Island is composed of a differentiated series of transitional-mildly alkaline olivine basalts. The lavas contain phenocrysts of olivine (Fo88−68)±plagioclase (An73−50), together with a megacryst suite involving olivine, plagioclase, kaersutite, clinopyroxene, apatite, magnetite and hercynite-rich spinels. Troctolitic-anorthositic gabbro xenoliths are widely dispersed throughout the lavas and are probably derived from the upper parts of an underlying layered complex: the megacrysts may originate from coarse, easily disaggregated differentiates near the top of this body. Modelling of major and trace element data suggests that the majority of chemical variation in the lavas results from up to 45% fractionation of olivine, clinopyroxene, plagioclase and magnetite at low pressures, in the ratio 20∶35∶39∶6. The clinopyroxene-rich nature of this extract assemblage is significantly different to that of the xenoliths, and suggests that clinopyroxene-rich gabbros and/or ultrabasic rocks may lie at greater depth. Sr and Nd isotopic data (87Sr/86Sr 0.70357–070406,143Nd/144Nd 0.51283–0.51289) indicate a mantle source with relative LREE depletion, and emphasise an unusual degree of uniformity in Indian Ocean island sources. A small group of lavas with strong HREE enrichment suggest a garnet-poor source for these, while high overall Al2O3/ CaO ratios imply high clinopyroxene/garnet ratios in refractory residua.
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2008-01-25
    Description: Mantle xenoliths entrained in late Carboniferous to mid-Permian silica-poor basic magmas from northern Scotland were investigated using major and trace element compositions of minerals and isotopic compositions of whole-rocks and clinopyroxenes. The aim of the study was to gain more precise information on the nature of the lithospheric mantle beneath this terrane, including evidence for its metasomatic modification and evolution. This study concerns peridotites from two localities in the ENE and WSW of the Scottish Northern Highlands Terrane: Rinibar (South Ronaldsay, Orkney) and Streap Com'laidh (near Glenfinnan). Two groups of clinopyroxenes can be distinguished both at Streap Com'laidh (Type-S1 and Type-S2) and Rinibar (Type-R1 and Type-R2) based on different trace element contents and isotopic ratios. Type-S1 is characterized by an almost flat profile from middle rare earth elements (MREE) to heavy REE (HREE) accompanied by an overall light REE (LREE) enrichment. It shows the highest Th and U, coupled with low Sr, Zr and TiO2 contents. Type-S2 exhibits humped LREE-enriched patterns and a steep decrease from Nd to Yb. It has the lowest Th and U, coupled with the highest Sr, TiO2 and Zr contents. Both groups of clinopyroxenes present analogous isotopic features. They have measured 87Sr/86Sr values from 0.70652 to 0.70826, 144Nd/143Nd from 0.512093 to 0.512687 and 176Hf/177Hf from 0.282727 to 0.283088. These isotopic features could be explained by the addition in the mantle wedge of a slab component, made up of altered oceanic crust plus a moderate quantity of subducted sediments. The most recent subduction event in the geological history of Scotland is at about 400 Ma. It may have been during this convergent stage that the metasomatism affecting the sub-Streap lithospheric mantle occurred. Type-R1 is characterized by the lowest concentrations of Ba, Rb, Sr, LREE and UTh, associated with remarkably high levels of Ti and Zr. These clinopyroxenes have measured 87Sr/86Sr ranging from 0.70330 to 0.70383, 144Nd/143Nd from 0.512643 to 0.512761 and 176Hf/177Hf from 0.282705 to 0.282899. In contrast, Type-R2 shows the highest concentrations of Ba, Rb, Sr, LREE and UTh, and pronounced Ti and Zr negative anomalies. They have measured 87Sr/86Sr isotopic ratios similar to Type-R1, but lower 144Nd/143Nd (0.5124310.512524) and higher 176Hf/177Hf (0.2829210.283014). Calculated melt in equilibrium with Type-R1 is very similar to inferred primary kimberlitic magmas and the clinopyroxene trace element profiles may have resulted from an efficient chemical exchange between a percolating melt and the peridotite host rock. On the other hand the calculated Type-R2 melt overlaps the field of Proterozoic carbonatites. Significantly, at the age of 550 ({+/-}50) Ma, the two groups have almost identical SrNd compositions, similar to average depleted mid-ocean ridge basalt mantle (DMM) at 550 Ma. This strongly suggests contemporaneous overprinting of DMM by kimberlitic and carbonatitic metasomatic agents at c. 550 Ma, which may be related to the opening of the Iapetus Ocean following the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent. These data indicate a complex metasomatic history of the Scottish lithospheric mantle, which relate different geological events, most probably prior to the juxtaposition of the various tectonic blocks that nowadays constitute the Northern Highland Terranes.
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  • 9
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    Unknown
    In:  Geological Society Special Publication 223: 195-218.
    Publication Date: 2007-10-08
    Description: Extensional tectonics to the north of the Variscan Front during the Early Carboniferous generated fault-controlled basins across the British Isles, with accompanying basaltic magmatism. In Scotland Dinantian magmatism was dominantly mildly alkaline-transitional in composition. Tournaisian activity was followed by widespread Visean eruptions largely concentrated within the Scottish Midland Valley where the lava successions, dominantly of basaltic-hawaiitic composition, attained thicknesses of up to 1000 m. Changing stress fields in the late Visean coincided with a change in the nature of the igneous activity; subsequently, wholly basic magmatism persisted into the Silesian. As sedimentary basin fills increased, sill intrusion tended to dominate over lava extrusion. In the Late Carboniferous (Stephanian) a major melting episode, producing large volumes of tholeiitic magma, gave rise to a major dyke swarm and sills across northern England and Scotland. Alkali basaltic magmatism persisted into the Permian, possibly until as late as 250 Ma in Orkney. Geochemical data suggest that the Carboniferous-Permian magmas were dominantly of asthenospheric origin, derived from variable degrees of partial melting of a heterogeneous mantle source; varying degrees of interaction with the lithosphere are indicated. Peridotite, pyroxenite and granulite-facies basic meta-igneous rocks entrained as xenoliths within the most primitive magmas provide evidence for metasomatism of the lithospheric mantle and high-pressure crystal fractionation.
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2007-10-08
    Description: Noble gas studies of well-characterized spinel-peridotite-facies lithospheric mantle xenoliths and garnet megacrysts from Scottish Permo-Carboniferous dykes, sills and vents demonstrate that the mantle beneath Scotland during the late Palaeozoic was more radiogenic than the source of mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB). The samples were collected from the Northern Highland Terrane and the Midland Valley Terrane, which vary from Archaean-Proterozoic to Proterozoic-Palaeozoic in age. Helium isotope ratios of between 3Ra and 6Ra (Ra = atmospheric ratio) indicate that there has been time-integrated U-Th enrichment of the subcontinental mantle. This enriched mantle was preferentially melted following the transition from early Palaeozoic compression to late Palaeozoic extensional tectonics. Helium isotope ratios provide no clear evidence for the presence of undegassed plume-type mantle beneath this part of Scotland during the Permo-Carboniferous. The measured helium ratios do not discount the presence of a low-helium plume similar to those of the European Cenozoic volcanic province. A passive origin, however, is preferred for the Permo-Carboniferous magmatism due to the protracted activity, relatively small-extruded volumes of mafic magma and the low-helium isotope ratios measured.
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