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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Monohaploids ; Solanum ; Potato ; In vitro-performance ; Protoplast fusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Plant growth performance was studied in 118 potato monohaploids and in their diploid parents. Of these monohaploids 76 were also investigated at the protoplast level and eight of these were used in protoplast fusion experiments as well. No correlation was found between relative performance of greenhouse grown and in vitro grown plants. No or only weak correlations were found between different in vitro characteristics such as plant growth, protoplast yield per gram plant material, plating efficiency and callus growth. This indicates the unpredictability of these characters. The protoplast fusion experiments indicated that only in some genotype combinations increased callus growth rates may be found. However, it is not clear whether such calli were hybrids or not. In protoplast monocultures only diploid and tetraploid regenerants were obtained. After fusion, tetraploids but also some triploids could be regenerated. The finding of triploids indicates that monoploid protoplasts were involved in fusion. Isozyme analysis and morphological assessment of the plants pointed out that the majority of the fusion regenerants were hybrids. The implications of these results are discussed.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 73 (1987), S. 751-758 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Monohaploids ; Prickle pollination ; Gynogenesis ; Solanum ; Potato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Data are presented on the potential of gynogenesis for the production of monohaploids and on factors affecting their frequency and relative vigour. Diploid Solanum tuberosum L. and S. tuberosumxS. phureja Juz et Buk hybrids were used as maternal parents and selected S. phureja clones as prickle pollinators with embryo-spot and nodal band as dominant seed and plant marker. About 2 million seeds were screened for absence of embryo-spot. After raising plants from phenotypically spotless seeds, further screening for absence of nodal bands and for ploidy level was carried out. Finally more than 500 monohaploid plants from three genetically different groups of maternal parents were obtained. Frequency and vigour of the monohaploids were clearly dependent on their maternal genotypes. The data also indicated an effect of the pollinator genotype, the physiological stage of the maternal plant and the environment on monohaploid frequency. On the basis of these results the possibility of breeding for a higher monohaploid production rate and for more stable and vigorous monohaploids is discussed. Furthermore, gynogenesis and androgenesis are compared. It is suggested that both should be used in order to obtain monohaploids from sufficiently various diploid breeding material.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Malus ; apple ; Pyrus ; pear ; self-pollination ; cross pollination ; self-incompatibility ; mentor pollen ; pioneer pollen ; fruit set ; seed set
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In compatible pollen combinations, viable but infertile irradiated pollen Cr appears to compete much more in a mixture (the mentor pollen situation: C+Cr), than when used one day in advance (the pioneer pollen situation: Cr/C). Seed set of Cr/C was usually also greatly superior to that of C/Cr and, using, self, incompatible pollen S instead of Cr, S/C was nearly always much better than C/S. This is in accordance with the promotion of the second by the first (pioneer) pollen. Hence, when Cr or S are applied second in C/Cr or C/S, more ovules are rendered ineffective (blocked or aborted) than in the reverse combination when Cr or S act as pioneer pollen. These observations are consistent with the trend that the combinations C/ C+S, C+S, C/S tended to produce more selfed seeds in that order. Although mentor or pioneer pollen assist in removing the style barrier for self pollen, embryo abortions appears to be a second obstruction towards seed formation. Indications are that high spring temperature during pollination promote the production of selfed seeds in the presence of compatible pollen. The surfeit of self pollen in orchards with a minority of pollinators is not necessarily an unfavourable factor, it may both directly and indirectly contribute to fruit and seed set.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Solanum Tuberosum ; Monohaploid potato ; polyploidization ; homozygotization ; gene dosage effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary To study the joint effects of homozygotization and polyploidization in potato, the performance has been examined of five potato genotypes at three (x, 2x, 4x) and two genotypes at two (x, 2x) ploidy levels. Six out of the seven genotypes studied were compared with their heterozygous diploid parental clone. In this way comparisons could be made between i) the heterozygous diploid and its monohaploid derivatives, ii) three or two ploidy levels per genotye and iii) homozygous di- and tetreploids and their heterozygous diploid source. Large variation could be detected between monohaploids obtained from one diploid source. A striking increase in vigour was observed with somatic chromosome doubling from x to 2x, but less clearly from 2x to 4x. The relatively vigorous diploids showed a weaker response to tetraploidization than the less vigorous ones. The heterozygous diploid exceeded all homozygous di- and tetraploid derivatives in performance. The results of this study suggest positive gene dosage effects for tuber production more than for leaf area and plant height. The observations on plant vigour in homo- and heterozygotes suggest that dominance effects are stronger than additive gene effects. Owing to sterility problems, homozygous potato clones will presumably be of little importance for practical breeding.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Potato research 30 (1987), S. 569-578 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: monohaploid potato ; Solanum ; protoplast fusion ; protoplast separation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurde die isoelektrische Fokussierung als mögliche neue Technik zur routinemässigen Isolierung hybrider Fusionsprodukte aus Kartoffel-Protoplasten untersucht. Die gleiche Technik wurde ebenfalls für die Isolierung von Monohaploiden (x) aus einer Population Monohaploider (x) und getrennt verdoppelter (2x) Protoplasten geprüft. Wenn Forschung auf monohaploide Protoplasten konzentriert wird, ist eine derartige Separierung notwendig, da höhere Ploidiestufen bereits im Ausgangsmaterial von Blätterm gefunden werden können. Bei Verwendung eines Apparates wie in Abb. 1 gezeigt werden keine klaren Unterschiede im isoelektrischen Punkt (pl) zwischen Kartoffellinien und den KontrollspeziesLycopersicon peruvianum undNicotiana plumbaginifolia gefunden. Nur kleine Unterschiede (0,05 pH-Einheiten) fanden sich zwischenx- und 2x-Protoplasten (Tabelle 1). Die pI-Werte wurden von jedem Elektrophorese-Puffer beeinflusst (Tabelle 2). Experimente über die Lebensfähigkeit der Protoplasten zeigten, dass sowohl die Wahl des Puffers als auch seine Ionenstärke die Lebensfähigkeit der Protoplasten stark beeinflussen konnten (Abb. 2 und 3). Bei Verwendung von pH-abgestuften Puffersystemen (Tabelle 4) erwiesen sich die Unterschiede im Membranpotential der Protoplasten des Solanaceen-Materials als zu klein für eine Separierung durch isoelektrische Fokussierung.
    Abstract: Résumé La convergence isoélectrique a été étudiée comme une nouvelle technique potentielle pour l'isolement de routine des produits de fusion des protoplastes issus d'hybrides de pomme de terre. Cette technique a également été testée pour isoler des protoplastes monohaploïdes (x) dans une population de protoplastes monohaploïdes-protoplastes à chromosomes doublés (2x). Si la recherche est basée sur les protoplastes monohaploïdes et nécessite une séparation à partir d'un plus haut niveau de ploïdie, on peut déjà trouver du matériel dans les feuilles. En utilisant l'appareil présenté dans la figure 1, des différences peu évidentes ont été trouvées en ce qui concerne le point isoélectrique (pI) entre les lignées testées ou entre les lignées et les deux espèces-témoinsLycopersicon peruvianum etNicotiana plumbaginifolia. De faibles différences seulement (0,05 unités pH) sont apparues entre les protoplastesx et 2x (tableau 1). La valeur du point isoélectrique étant influencée par le pH du tampon utilisé (tableau 2). Les expériences sur la viabilité des protoplastes montraient que le choix du tampon et de sa force ionique pouvait grandement influencer celles-ci (figures 2 et 3). En employant des systèmes de tampons à gradients de pH, comme il est fait mention dans la figure 4, les différences dans le potentiel de la membrane des protoplastes des Solanacées étaient trop faibles pour permettre la séparation par la convergence isoélectrique.
    Notes: Summary An isoelectric focusing technique was investigated as a potential tool for isolating hybrid fusion products of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) after protoplast fusion and for isolating monohaploid protoplasts (2n=x=12) from a population of monohaploid (x) and doubled (2x) protoplasts. No differences in isoelectric points (pI) were detected between either the potato lines tested or between the potato lines and the two control speciesLycopersicon peruvianum (L.) Mill. andNicotiana plumbaginifolia Viv. Differences of only 0.05 pH unit were found betweenx and 2x potato protoplasts. The pI value was influenced by each electrophoresis buffer but with the pH-gradient buffer systems used, the differences in membrane potential of the protoplasts tested were too small for separation by isoelectric focusing.
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