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  • 1
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Deformation, mechanisms, rheology and tectonics : microstructures, mechanics and anisotropy (2011)
    London : The Geological Society
    Associated volumes
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    Call number: 9/M 07.0421(360)
    In: Geological Society special publication
    Description / Table of Contents: This collection of papers presents recent advances in the study of deformation mechanisms and rheology and their applications to tectonics. Many of the contributions exploit new petrofabric techniques, particularly electron backscatter diffraction, to help understand evolution of rock microstructure and mechanical properties. Papers in the first section (lattice preferred orientations and anisotropy) show a growing emphasis on the determination of elastic properties from petrofabrics, from which acoustic properties can be computed for comparison with in-situ seismic measurements. Such research will underpin geodynamic interpretation of large-scale active tectonics. Contributions in the second section (microstructures, mechanisms and rheology) study the relations between microstructural evolution during deformation and mechanical properties. Many of the papers explore how different mechanisms compete and interact to control the evolution of grain size and petrofabrics. Contributors make use of combinations of laboratory experiments, field studies and computational methods, and several relate microstructural and mechanical evolution to large-scale tectonic processes observed in nature.
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: XI, 342 S. : z.T. farb. Ill. und graph.Darst.
    ISBN: 9781862393387
    Series Statement: Geological Society special publication 360
    URL: http://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/360/1
    Classification:
    Tectonics
    Location: Reading room
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 2
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Multicomponent seismology in petroleum exploration (1991)
    Tulsa : Society of Exploration Geophysicists
    Associated volumes
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    Call number: 5/M 92.1249
    In: Investigations in geophysics
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: X, 248 S. : Ill.
    ISBN: 1560800518
    Series Statement: Investigations in geophysics vol. 6
    Classification:
    Geophysical Exploration, Geophysical Prospecting
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    Deformation Mechanisms, Rheology and Tectonics : Microstructures, Mechanics and Anisotropy (2011)
    London : The Geological Society
    Details
    Description / Table of Contents: This collection of papers presents recent advances in the study of deformation mechanisms and rheology and their applications to tectonics. Many of the contributions exploit new petrofabric techniques, particularly electron backscatter diffraction, to help understand evolution of rock microstructure and mechanical properties. Papers in the first section (lattice preferred orientations and anisotropy) show a growing emphasis on the determination of elastic properties from petrofabrics, from which acoustic properties can be computed for comparison with in-situ seismic measurements. Such research will underpin geodynamic interpretation of large-scale active tectonics. Contributions in the second section (microstructures, mechanisms and rheology) study the relations between microstructural evolution during deformation and mechanical properties. Many of the papers explore how different mechanisms compete and interact to control the evolution of grain size and petrofabrics. Contributors make use of combinations of laboratory experiments, field studies and computational methods, and several relate microstructural and mechanical evolution to large-scale tectonic processes observed in nature.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XII, 342 Seiten)
    ISBN: 9781862393387
    URL: http://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/vol360/issue1/
    Language: English
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    E-BOOK
  • 4
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    Constraints on the seismic properties of the middle and lower continental crust (2011)
    In:  Geological Society Special Publication 360: 7-32.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-11-17
    Description: For the past two decades geodetic measurements have quantified surface displacement fields for the continents, illustrating a general complexity. However, the linkage of geodetically defined displacements in the continents to mantle flow and plate tectonics demands understanding of ductile deformations in the middle and lower continental crust. Advances in seismic anisotropy studies are beginning to allow such work, especially in the Himalaya and Tibet, using passive seismological experiments (e.g. teleseismic receiver functions and records from local earthquakes). Although there is general agreement that measured seismic anisotropy in the middle and lower crust reflects bulk mineral alignment (i.e. crystallographic preferred orientation, CPO), there is a need to calibrate the seismic response to deformation structures and their kinematics. Here, we take on this challenge by deducing the seismic properties of typical mid- and lower-crustal rocks that have experienced ductile deformation through quantitative measures of CPO in samples from appropriate outcrops. The effective database of CPO and hence seismic properties can be expanded by a modelling approach that utilizes ‘rock recipes’ derived from the as-measured individual mineral CPOs combined in varying modal proportions. In addition, different deformation fabrics may be diagnostic of specific deformation kinematics that can serve to constrain interpretations of seismic anisotropy data from the continental crust. Thus, the use of ‘fabric recipes’ based on subsets of individual rock fabric CPO allows the effect of different fabrics (e.g. foliations) to be investigated and interpreted from their seismic response. A key issue is the possible discrimination between continental crustal deformation models with strongly localized simple-shear (ductile fault) fabrics from more distributed (‘pure-shear’) crustal flow. The results of our combined rock and fabric-recipe modelling suggest that the seismic properties of the middle and lower crust depend on deformation state and orientation as well as composition, while reliable interpretation of seismic survey data should incorporate as many seismic properties as possible.
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  • 5
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    Defining 'local signature' in terms of Sr isotope composition using a tenth- to twelfth-century Anglo-Saxon population living on a Jurassic clay-carbonate terrain, Rutland, UK (2007)
    In:  Geological Society Special Publication 232: 237-248.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-10-08
    Description: The Sr isotope ratios and Sr concentration in tooth enamel from a rural tenth-twelfth century Anglo-Saxon population living on a Jurassic clay-carbonate terrain in eastern England gives the following mean values: 87Sr/86Sr=0.7098{+/-}0.0018 (2{sigma}, n=22) and Sr concentrations = 74{+/-}62 p.p.m. (2{sigma}). The isotope data are taken to be representative of Anglo-Saxon biosphere values in the area of study. The Sr isotope composition of soil leachates, plant material, riverwaters and animal tooth enamel associated with the burial site were all analysed to see which gave the best approximation to these local Anglo-Saxon values, the aim being to define the best method of predicting the local Sr signature of areas for archaeological purposes. The Sr isotope composition of acetic acid soil leachates were dominated by the carbonate soil component and gave 0.7085{+/-}0.0020 water leachates gave 0.7090{+/-}0.0014 and plant material gave 0.7092{+/-}0.0018 (all at 2{sigma}, n=12). All of these materials were less radiogenic that those of the Anglo-Saxon population. Riverwater gave the same result as the plants at 0.7092{+/-}0.0012 (2{sigma}, n=3). The Anglo-Saxon animal tooth enamel gave the best match with a value of 0.7099{+/-}0.0017 (2{sigma}, n=13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests show that there is a high probability (〉70% probability, 2SD) that the animals and the humans sampled were from the same population with respect to Sr isotope composition. Thus animal tooth enamel proved to be the best proxy, in this study, for the local human population.
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  • 6
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    Inferences from shear zone geometry: an example from the Laxfordian shear zone at Upper Badcall, Lewisian Complex, NW Scotland (2007)
    In:  Geological Society Special Publication 272: 47-57.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-10-08
    Description: This contribution presents a Laxfordian age shear zone near Upper Badcall, NW Scotland, as an example of using field data and theory to assess the kinematics and nature of deformation in a shear zone. The deformation zone includes quartzofeldspathic background gneiss and a dolerite dyke that cuts the gneissic banding at a high angle. A detailed field description of the deformation zone, which is critically discussed in terms of pure and simple shear, is presented. Analysis of gneissic banding and mineral lineation data, together with a consideration of the outcrop pattern, shows that the deformation zone is best described in terms of a simple shear zone with varying finite stretching direction. To analyse this deformation we introduce the concept of local plane strain. Although the deformation of the zone as a whole is 3D, at each point there is a direction in which it does not change its length. This direction is perpendicular to the local shear direction and so varies in orientation across the shear zone. In a reference frame defined at a point, the deformation can thus be understood in terms of conventional simple shear. Details of strain are hence determined according to this conclusion. A stereographic method for the determination of the reorientation of lines is used to calculate shear strain. The shear strain values across the shear zone are then used to restore the sheared dolerite dyke to its undeformed geometry. The success of the restoration provides supports for the strain calculation and also the conclusion of simple shear deformation.
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  • 7
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    Deformation mechanisms, rheology and tectonics: microstructures, mechanics and anisotropy: introduction (2011)
    In:  Geological Society Special Publication 360: 1-5.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-11-17
    Description: This special publication of the Geological Society of London presents recent advances in the study of deformation mechanisms and rheology and their application to tectonics. We have subdivided the papers into two themed sections. The inference of deformation processes, conditions and rheology at depth in active tectonic settings is of fundamental importance to a quantitative geodynamic understanding of deformation in the Earth. The papers in the section on Lattice Preferred Orientations and Anisotropy are extremely important as they underpin our ability to make such geodynamic interpretations from global seismic data. These papers reflect the growing emphasis on the determination of elastic properties from microstructures, from which acoustic properties can be computed for comparison with in situ seismic measurements. The component of the microstructure that receives most attention is the lattice preferred orientation (LPO), otherwise known as the crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO) or the texture (the term used in material science and metallurgy). The papers include new LPO measurements (made almost exclusively by the relatively new technique of electron backscatter diffraction or EBSD), exploration of the significance of these data for seismic properties of both the crust and the mantle and modelling of LPO generation. An invited contribution from Mainprice and colleagues introduces a computational toolbox to help researchers calculate anisotropic physical properties from their LPO data. Rock microstructures evolve during deformation and rock physical properties, including both elastic properties and creep rheology, evolve with the microstructures as a function of strain and time. The section on Microstructures, Mechanisms and Rheology reflects the fundamental importance of understanding microstructural evolution to our ability to estimate deformation processes and conditions from recovered samples or geophysical data and to our modelling of tectonics. An invited contribution from Austin focuses on some of the key issues from the last few decades: how different mechanisms...
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  • 8
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    Mica-controlled anisotropy within mid-to-upper crustal mylonites: an EBSD study of mica fabrics in the Alpine Fault Zone, New Zealand (2011)
    In:  Geological Society Special Publication 360: 33-47.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-11-17
    Description: The lattice preferred orientation (LPO) of both muscovite and biotite were measured by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and these data, together with the LPOs of the other main constituent minerals, were used to produce models of the seismic velocity anisotropy of the Alpine Fault Zone. Numerical experiments examine the effects of varying modal percentages of mica within the fault rocks. These models suggest that when the mica modal proportions approach 20% in quartzofeldspathic mylonites the intrinsic seismic anisotropy of the studied fault zone is dominated by mica, with the direction of the fastest P and S wave velocities strongly dependent on the mica LPOs. The LPOs show that micas produce three distinct patterns within mylonitic fault zones: C-fabric, S-fabric and a composite S–C fabric. The asymmetry of the LPOs can be used as kinematic indicators for the deformation within mylonites. Kinematic data from the micas matches the kinematic interpretation of quartz LPOs and field data. The modelling of velocities and velocity anisotropies from sample LPOs is consistent with geophysical data from the crust under the Southern Alps. The Alpine Fault mylonites and parallel Alpine schists have intrinsic P-wave velocity anisotropies of 12% and S-wave anisotropies of 10%.
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  • 9
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    Elastic wave propagation in a medium containing oriented inclusions with a changing aspect ratio: a physical model study (1996)
    In:  Geophys. J. Int., Amsterdam, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, vol. 125, no. 6, pp. 163-172, pp. B12308
    Details
    Publication Date: 1996
    Keywords: Waves ; Wave propagation ; cracks and fractures (.NE. fracturing) ; simulation ; Laboratory measurements ; Anisotropy ; Polarization ; P-waves ; Shear waves ; GJI ; Assad
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 10
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    vp/vs - a potential hydrocarbon indicator (1976)
    In:  Geophysics, Kunming, China, AGU, vol. 41, no. 1-4, pp. 837-849, pp. L14317, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1976
    Keywords: Velocity analysis ; Applied geophysics ; Body waves ; Seismics (controlled source seismology)
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
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