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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Bulletin of volcanology 60 (1998), S. 137-144 
    ISSN: 1432-0819
    Keywords: Key words Natural disasters ; Volcanic hazards ; Society and eruptions ; Volcanic risk
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  The number of victims from volcanism and the primary cause(s) of death reported in the literature show considerable uncertainty. We present the results of investigations carried out either in contemporary accounts or in specific studies of eruptions that occurred since A.D. 1783. More than 220 000 people died because of volcanic activity during this period, which includes approximately 90% of the recorded deaths throughout history. Most of the fatalities resulted from post-eruption famine and epidemic disease (30.3%), nuées ardentes or pyroclastic flows and surges (26.8%), mudflows or lahars (17.1%), and volcanogenic tsunamis (16.9%). At present, however, international relief efforts might reduce the effects of post-eruption crop failure and disease, and at least some of the lahars could be anticipated in time by adequate scientific and social response. Thus, mitigation of hazards from pyroclastic flows and tsunamis will become of paramount importance to volcanologists and civil authorities.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Earth and Planetary Science Letters 126 (1994), S. 23-39 
    ISSN: 0012-821X
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 66 (1978), S. 51-67 
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Mount Etna is composed for the most part of intermediate alkaline products, most of them porphyritic-the “etnaïtes”-, that may be defined as sodic trachybasalts or trachyandesites. The strato-volcanio itself overlies tholeiitic basalts (usually aphyric, except for olivine) belonging to three major types: olivine tholeiites (normative Ol+Hy; modal olivine and augite, titanomagnetite and ilmenite), pigeonite tholeiites (normative Hy+minor Ol or Qz; modal pigeonite and augite with minor olivine, ilmenite and titanomagnetite), transitional tholeiites, i.e. transitional between pigeonite tholeiites (aphyric) and alkali basaltic etnaïtes (porphyritic, with normative Ol+Ne or minor Hy; modal augite and olivine, titanomagnetite alone). An “analcite basalt”, chemically close to alkali basaltic etnaïtes, forms the small Cyclopean Islands, SE of Etna, and an alkali olivine basalt composes a neck at Paterno, SW foot of Etna. Both pigeonite tholeiites and alkali basaltic etnaïtes may be derived from a primitive olivine tholeiite magma by subtraction or addition of phases crystallized at moderate and low pressure (kaersutite±olivine, calcic plagioclase and clinopyroxene). The differentiation process implies crystal fractionation of the primitive olivine tholeiite magma at varying levels of the crust. The speed of ascent of the magma is thought to be the factor controlling the level at which differentiation may take place: in low velocity regimes, fractionation takes place at deeper levels of the crust. Slow ascent speeds would be the consequence of a developing crustal extension episode, induced by mantle diapirism that generated the olivine tholeiite magma below the Mount Etna area.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 301 (1983), S. 175-175 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] ESTIMATIONS by Wadge and Guest1 of the volumes of lava emitted by each individual eruption of Mount Etna between 1971 and 1981, should be viewed with caution23. Despite the impressive number of references (see Table 1 in rf. 1), very few of them contain accurate determinations of the volumes of ...
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 318 (1985), S. 453-455 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The Etnean lavas from major eruptions during the past 400 yr are well known, the most famous being the 1669 flow that buried about 15 villages and part of the town of Catania. Contrary to popular belief, however, older eruptions are far .from being accurately described7'8. Between AD 1600 and 1300, ...
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 325 (1987), S. 607-609 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] 226Ra-230Th and 228Ra-232Th disequilibria are of a particular interest, because both concern the same pair of chemical elements with very different half-lives for 226Ra (1,600 yr) and 228Ra (5.77 yr): so radioactive equilibrium will be reached at a different rate for each pair. If, for example, ...
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 302 (1983), S. 353-353 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] oThis Matters Arising exchange replaces that published previously (13 January, p. 175) in which some extraneous text was mistakenly substituted in the "reply". We apologize to Drs Wadge and Guest for this error. ESTIMATIONS by Wadge and Guest1 of the volumes of lava emitted by each individual ...
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Bulletin of volcanology 47 (1984), S. 879-894 
    ISSN: 1432-0819
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Les produits rejetés par l'Etna de 1977 à 1983 sont des trachybasaltes porphyriques («etnaïtes») semblables à ceux qui caractérisent la majorité des laves de ce volcan, mais avec une teneur en K plus élevée. Les coulées de 1983, par exemple, sont formées de 50–55% de mésostase et par de nombreux phéno et microphénocristaux de plagioclase (25–30%), clinopyroxène (12–15%), olivine (3–5%), titanomagnétite (2%). De l'olivine Fo 83-78 et un peu de diopside-salite cristallisent d'abord, passant rapidement à une olivine Fo 78-68, une salite (Wo 47,5 — En 43/37 — Fs 10/15), du plagioclase An 83-55, une titanomagnétite Usp 43-33 riche en Al et Mg. Le domaine de température de cristallisation commençante des phénocristaux établi par thermométrie optique est compris entre 1170° et 1140°C. La cristallisation intratellurique progresse ensuite jusqu'à 1073°C, qui représente la température d'émission de la lave mesurée sur le terrain. La nature et la quantité des microlites, la composition des stades terminaux de cristallisation des phénocristaux et celle du verre résiduel de la mésostase dépendent du mode de refroidissement de la lave: trempe à l'eau, à l'air, ou refroidissement lent naturel. La quantité de soufre dans les verres inclus et la mésostase varie de 1500 à 400 ppm, celle du chlore de 1700 à 2800 ppm. La composition chimique est celle d'un trachybasalte sodique (hawaiite basaltique). Le caractère le plus marquant réside dans le comportement anormal du potassium, en particulier dans les laves du début des éruptions de 1978 et 1979. Alors que ces produits sont parmi les plus basiques de la période considérée, leur teneur en K est relativement élevée, ce qui conduit à un rapport K/Na aberrant (augmentant avec la basicité de la roche). En dehors de ces cas extrêmes, on note une augmentation régulière, quoique plus faible, de K/Na dans tous les produits des 12 dernières années. Ce comportement anormal du potassium était déjà apparu dans les produits de l'éruption excentrique de 1974 sur le versant ouest. Cependant, on ne trouve aucune variation aberrante du potassium dans les autres laves historiques, ni même dans aucun des produits connus de l'Etna.
    Notes: Abstract The products emitted by Mount Etna in the 1977–1983 period are porphyric, sodic trachybasalts («etnaïtes») that, though substantially higher in K2O, resemble most of the historic lavas. The 1983 flows, for instance, are composed of 50–55% glassy groundmass and abundant phenocrysts or microphenocrysts: plagioclase (25–30%), clinopyroxene (12–15%), olivine (3–5%), titanomagnetite (2%). Scarce olivine Fo 83-78 and diopsidic pyroxene are present in the cores of some phenocrysts. Outer zones and/or more numerous crystals are olivine Fo 75-68, salite En 43-37 Fs 10-15, plagioclase An 83-55 an Al-Mg rich magnetite Usp 43-33. The chemical composition of glass inclusions interpreted as trapped liquids suggests that olivine and magnetite crystallize first and are followed by pyroxene and plagioclase. The early appearance of olivine has been determined by optical thermometry to about 1170°C, soon followed by plagioclase and pyroxene (1160–1140°C). Pre-eruptive crystallization further progresses until 1073°C which is the field-measured temperature at the lava vent. Then, the appearance and composition of microlites (and outer rims of phenocrysts) depend upon the cooling rate of the samples (water quenching or natural cooling). Electron microprobe analyses of chlorine and sulphur have been performed on crystal trapped and groundmass glasses. Sulphur ranges from an initial content of 1500 ppm to 400 ppm in residual glass, leading to an average sulphur emission of 1500 tons/day (3000 t/d SO2), as estimated from the volume of erupted lava. The most striking chemical feature of the 1977–1983 lavas lies in the abnormal potassium behaviour, especially in the earliest flows of the 1978–1979 fissure eruptions. Although these lavas are amongst the most femic of the period, they are relatively high in K2 O, leading to an aberrant K/Na ratio (i.e. increasing with increasing basicity). Furthermore, a less pronounced but steady increase of K2 O/Na2 O is evidenced in all the lavas of the past 12 years. This ratio ranges from 0.42 in the 1971 lavas to 0.51 in the 1983 ones, for about the same differentiation index. Such an abnormal potassium behaviour first appeared during the 1974 eruption on the west slope of the volcano. It is unknown, however, in any other historic lava, nor in any lava of entire Etna so far analyzed.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Bulletin of volcanology 47 (1984), S. 965-976 
    ISSN: 1432-0819
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume L'Etna a connu, de 1977 à 1983, une période d'activité exceptionnelle, tant par la fréquence et l'extension des fracturations latérales de l'édifice que par la violence et la répétition des paroxysmes aux cratères centraux. L'éruption multifissurale de 1971 et l'éruption excentrique de 1974 sur le flanc Ouest apparaissent comme les prodromes de l'activité actuelle. Celle-ci a débuté en juillet 1977 par l'exacerbation de l'activité sommitale qui, de modérée persistante, est devenue paroxysmique et intermittente. Jusqu'en mars 1978, le Cratère NE a eu ainsi une vingtaine d'éruptions tout à fait inusitées, ne durant que quelques jours ou même quelques heures, avec puissantes fontaines de lave et coulées rapides atteignant jusqu'à 5 km de long. D'autres paroxysmes uniquement explosifs ont eu lieu en avril 1980 au Cratère Central, puis au Cratère SE. Un début d'activité persistante (mai-août 1980) dans cette dernière bouche a été interrompu par la reprise de violentes manifestations explosivo-effusives au Cratère NE en septembre 1980 et février 1981. Les éruptions latérales surtout ont été remarquables: en avril-juin 1978 (fracturation du versant SE, de 3000 à 2600 m d'altitude), août 1978 (SE, ENE, 3000–2300 m), novembre 1978 (SE, 3000–1650 m), août 1979 (SE, E, NE, 3000–1600 m), mars 1981 (NNW, 2600–1120 m), mars-août 1983 (S, 2700–2260 m). Les 4 premières de ces éruptions ont été précédées et accompagnées de violentes fontaines de lave au Cratère SE. Toutes ont été accompagnées ou suivies d'explosions phréatiques, principalement à la bouche Ouest du Cratère Central. La coulée du 4 août 1979 sur le flanc oriental est descendue en une demi-journée près du village de Fornazzo. Celle du 17 mars 1981 — la plus désastreuse — a, dans les 14 h qui ont suivi son apparition, coupé toutes les communications terrestres au pied Nord de l'Etna, sur un front par endroits large de 800 m: en moins de 5 jours, 18 × 106 m3 de lave ont été émis, recouvrant 6 km2 de terres en grande partie cultivables. Du 28 mars au 8 août 1983, les laves s'épanchant de façon tranquille, mais à un rythme soutenu, ont lentement enseveli plusieurs propriétés et implantations touristiques du versant Sud, entre 2300 et 1100 m d'altitude. Chacun de ces paroxysmes éruptifs se signale par des augmentations considérables de l'amplitude du tremor séismique, dont l'intensité n'est cependant pas directement liée à l'importance des phénomènes observés. Il est probable que la turbulence due à la montée du magma dans les conduits principaux influe notablement sur l'énergie du tremor: de fait, celui-ci est très réduit après la phase paroxysmique initiale (par exemple 1983), bien que l'effusion de lave persiste. Avant les éruptions, l'énergie du tremor atteint des niveaux relativement élévés pendant des intervalles de temps qui durent de 1 à 5 mois. Ce phénomène peut résulter d'un mécanisme de recharge du système de fractures et de dykes conduisant, à plus ou moins brève échéance, à l'événement éruptif. Plusieurs périodes de recharge peuvent se succéder avant une même éruption (3 avant celle de 1983). Dans les quelques jours qui précèdent certains paroxysmes (août 1979, sept. 1980, févr. et mars 1981), on constate une rapide diminution de l'amplitude du tremor, qui peut être associée à des variations du champ de contrainte déterminant, localement, la genèse de fractures nouvelles ou la fermeture/ouverture de fractures pré-existantes.
    Notes: Abstract A period of exceptional eruptive activity for both size and frequency of lateral eruptions, and violence of paroxysms at the summit craters characterized Etna from 1977 to 1983. The complex fissure eruption of 1971 and the eccentric eruption of 1974 on the W flank appear to be precursors of the present activity, which began in July 1977 with the change in style of summit eruptions from moderate persistent activity to intermittent paroxysms. The NE Crater produced a score of such unusual eruptions up to March 1978, lasting a few days or even a few hours with powerful lava fountaining and flows up to 7 km long with high effusion rates. Other solely explosive paroxysms occurred in April 1980 in the Chasm (Central Crater) and later at the SE Crater. A return to a period of gentle persistent activity (May–August 1980) at the latter vent was interrupted by the recommencement of violent explosive and effusive events at the NE Crater in September 1980 and February 1981. Particularly remarkable lateral (flank) eruptions occurred in April–June 1978 (fracturing of the SE slope from 3000 to 2600 m altitude), August 1978 (SE, ENE, 3000–2300 m), November 1978 (SE, 3000–1650 m), August 1979 (SE, E, NE, 3000–1600 m), March 1981 (NNW, 2600–1120 m) and March–August 1983 (S, 2700–2260 m). The first four of these eruptions were preceded and accompanied by violent lava fountaining at the SE Crater. All were accompanied and/or followed by phreatic explosions, principally from the Bocca Nuova (or W Central Crater). The flow emitted on 4th August 1979 from the eastern flank reached next to the village of Fornazzo in half a day. That of 17 March 1981 — the most destructive — cut all communications (roads and railways) round the northern foot of the mountain in the 14 hours following its appearance. It was in places 800 m wide, and in less than 5 days, 18 × 106 m3 of lava had been emitted, covering 6 km2 of largely agricultural land. From 28th March to 6th August 1983, the slow but sustained emission of lava gradually covered and destroyed several tourist installations between 2300 and 1100 m altitude. Each of these eruptive paroxysms was marked by a substantial increase in the trace amplitude of harmonic seismic tremor, the intensity of which being not directly proportional to the observed activity. It is likely that turbulence caused by the rising of magma in the main conduits had an important effect in the energy of the tremor: this is considerably reduced after the initial paroxysmal phase (e.g. in 1983), yet the lava effusion may continue. Tremor energy attains relatively high levels from 1 to 5 months before eruptions. This may be caused by the recharging of the system of dykes and fissures, leading up to an eruptive event after a variable period. Several distinct periods of recharging may precede one eruption (there were three before the 1983 eruption). In the few days preceding the start of some of the eruptions (Aug. 1979, Sep. 1980, Feb. and Mar. 1981), a rapid diminution in the amplitude of tremor occurred. This may be associated with changes in the stress field caused by the opening of new fractures or the closing/opening of pre-existing ones.
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2020-02-24
    Description: This work deals with the dating of Mount Etna lava flows and eruptive fissure deposits to the last four millennia following field investigations and stratigraphic data (BRANCA et alii, 2011a). We have studied 24 of these volcanic products, including 301 large samples, through high precision archeomagnetic dating checked by 226Ra-230Th radiochronology, thus providing additional material to the previous paper by TANGUY et alii (2007). In most cases our results allow attributing ages to the historical period, although two flows are shown to be prehistoric. For the historic lavas, archeoma - gnetic ages can be defined within decades, except for three of them that erupted during a time span (Greco-Roman epoch) when the geomagnetic field underwent little variation. Although 60% of these volcanics exhibit ages comprised between 700 AD and 1850, only one (1285) is mentioned by contemporary written accounts. We conclude that i) historical documents alone are insufficient to reconstruct a coherent sequence of eruptions, and ii) a multidisciplinary approach is necessary to obtain a comprehensive eruptive history of such a very active volcano, useful for both scientific and civil protection purposes, even for such a geologically recent period as that of the last 10 or 20 centuries. Thanks to these new archeomagnetic and 226Ra-230Th data coupled with stratigraphic data, a comprehensive volcanic history of the still-outcropping Mount Etna volcanics is now available for the last 2,400 years.
    Description: Published
    Description: 241-257
    Description: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Etna volcano, archeomagnetic dating, 226Ra-230Th dating, stratigraphy, historical account ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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