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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © Marine Biological Laboratory, 2015. This article is posted here by permission of Marine Biological Laboratory for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Biological Bulletin 229 (2015): 173-184.
    Description: Ctenophores, or comb jellies, are geotactic with a statocyst that controls the activity of the eight ciliary comb rows. If a ctenophore is tilted or displaced from a position of vertical balance, it rights itself by asymmetric frequencies of beating on the uppermost and lowermost comb rows, turning to swim up or down depending on its mood. I recently discovered that the statocyst of ctenophores has an asymmetric architecture related to the sagittal and tentacular planes along the oral-aboral axis. The four groups of pacemaker balancer cilia are arranged in a rectangle along the tentacular plane, and support a superellipsoidal statolith elongated in the tentacular plane. By controlled tilting of immobilized ctenophores in either body plane with video recording of activated comb rows, I found that higher beat frequencies occurred in the sagittal than in the tentacular plane at orthogonal orientations. Similar tilting experiments on isolated statocyst slices showed that statolith displacement due to gravity and the resulting deflection of the mechanoresponsive balancers are greater in the sagittal plane. Finally, tilting experiments on a mechanical model gave results similar to those of real statocysts, indicating that the geometric asymmetries of statolith design are sufficient to account for my findings. The asymmetric architecture of the ctenophore statocyst thus has functional consequences, but a possible adaptive value is not known.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2016. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in EvoDevo 7 (2016): 19, doi:10.1186/s13227-016-0057-3
    Description: Here we present a report on Ctenopalooza: A meeting of ctenophorologists held at the Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience in St. Augustine, FL, USA, on March 14–15, 2016. In this report, we provide a summary of each of the sessions that occurred during this two-day meeting, which touched on most of the relevant areas of ctenophore biology. The report includes some major themes regarding the future of ctenophore research that emerged during Ctenopalooza. More information can be found at the meeting Web site: http://ctenopalooza.whitney.ufl.edu.
    Description: Ctenopalooza was sponsored by a grant from the National Science Foundation’s Division of Integrative Organismal Systems to Joseph Ryan (#1619712). We also acknowledge funding was provided by a grant from the University of Florida’s Office of Research to Joseph Ryan (Project #00075235). Additional funding was provided by The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience.
    Keywords: Ctenophora ; Ctenophore ; Ctenophore
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 3
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    Marine Biological Laboratory
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © Marine Biological Laboratory, 2014. This article is posted here by permission of Marine Biological Laboratory for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Biological Bulletin 227 (2014): 7-18.
    Description: The aboral sensory organ (apical organ) of ctenophores contains a statocyst with a single large statolith. The statolith comprises living cells (lithocytes), each containing a large membrane-bound concretion. The statolith is supported on the distal ends of four compound motile mechanoresponsive cilia (balancers) which control the beat frequencies of the eight locomotory comb rows, and thereby the orientation of animals to gravity. In Mnemiopsis leidyi and Pleurobrachia pileus, lithocytes arise in the thickened epithelial floor of the apical organ on opposite sides along the tentacular plane. Lithocytes progressively differentiate and migrate toward the apical surface where they bud off next to the bases of the balancers. New lithocytes are transported up the balancers by ciliary surface motility to form the statolith (Noda, 2013). The statolith has a superellipsoidal shape due to the rectangular arrangement of the four balancers and the addition of new lithocytes to its ends via the balancers. The size of the statolith increases with animal size, starting at the highest rate of growth in younger stages and gradually decreasing in larger animals. The total number of developing lithocytes in the epithelial floor increases rapidly in smaller animals and reaches a plateau range in larger animals. Lithocytes are therefore produced continually throughout life for enlargement of the statolith and possibly for turnover and replacement of existing lithocytes. The dome cilia enclosing the statocyst were observed to propagate slow, low-ampitude waves distally. The dome cilia may act as an undulating screen to prevent foreign objects in the seawater from being transported non-specifically up the balancers to make a defective statolith.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © Marine Biological Laboratory, 2016. This article is posted here by permission of Marine Biological Laboratory for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Biological Bulletin 231 (2016): 97-102, doi: 10.1086/690089.
    Description: It is rare nowadays to find something that nobody has seen before, especially without using a new methodology or looking in a new place. Using conventional differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy, I describe structures, heretofore not reported, in the well-studied aboral sensory complex, or apical organ, of ctenophores. Remarkably, the novel structures are placed symmetrically next to bodies believed to be photoreceptors. The nature and function of the new structures remain to be investigated.
    Description: This work was supported by the Fund for Science.
    Description: 2017-10-01
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 1983-09-01
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2014-10-01
    Print ISSN: 0960-9822
    Electronic ISSN: 1879-0445
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Cell Press
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 1999-02-15
    Print ISSN: 1059-910X
    Electronic ISSN: 1097-0029
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Wiley
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2016-06-03
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 20 (1973), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. An electronmicroscopic study was made of the centriolar apparatus in the rostrum of Deltotrichonympha operculata and Koruga bonita, 2 closely related hypermastigote flagellates from the Australian termite, Mastotermes darwiniensis. In interphase flagellates, the centriolar apparatus consists of 2 similar parts with a mutually perpendicular orientation. Each part contains a large, club-shaped centriolar body consisting of fibrillar and granular material, without recognizable internal symmetry or microtubules. The anterior centriolar body extends from the inner rostral wall, which is structurally related to the fibrous wall surrounding the posterior centriolar body. The 2 centriolar bodies are joined by connecting branches, which meet at 3 barren kinetosome-like structures located inside the rostrum. Thus, an interphase flagellate has 2 centriolar bodies oriented at a 90° angle to each other, like a pair of typical centrioles in an interphase metazoan cell.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 20 (1973), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. At division of Deltotrichonympha operculata and Koruga bonita from the Australian termite, Mastotermes darwiniensis, the 2 centriolar bodies separate, each becoming a mitotic center. Spindle microtubules develop from the lower end of each centriolar body and radiate towards the elongating nucleus. A new rostrum is formed in association with each centriolar body. Thus, centriolar bodies which lack the structure of typical centrioles can nevertheless function as division centers during mitosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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