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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular Genetics of Circadian Rhythms in Mammals (2000)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Neuroscience 23 (2000), S. 713-742 
    Details
    ISSN: 0147-006X
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Recent gene discovery approaches have led to a new era in our understanding of the molecular basis of circadian oscillators in animals. A conserved set of genes in Drosophila and mammals (Clock, Bmal1, Period, and Timeless) provide a molecular framework for the circadian mechanism. These genes define a transcription-translation-based negative autoregulatory feedback loop that comprises the core elements generating circadian rhythmicity. This circadian core provides a focal point for understanding how circadian rhythms arise, how environmental inputs entrain the oscillatory system, and how the circadian system regulates its outputs. The addition of molecular genetic approaches to the existing physiological understanding of the mammalian circadian system provides new opportunities for understanding this basic life process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.23.1.713
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    STOPPING TIME: The Genetics of Fly and Mouse Circadian Clocks (2001)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Neuroscience 24 (2001), S. 1091-1119 
    Details
    ISSN: 0147-006X
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Forward genetic analyses in flies and mice have uncovered conserved transcriptional feedback loops at the heart of circadian pacemakers. Conserved mechanisms of posttranslational regulation, most notably phosphorylation, appear to be important for timing feedback. Transcript analyses have indicated that circadian clocks are not restricted to neurons but are found in several tissues. Comparisons between flies and mice highlight important differences in molecular circuitry and circadian organization. Future studies of pacemaker mechanisms and their control of physiology and behavior will likely continue to rely on forward genetics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.1091
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Circadian rhythms The cancer connection (2002)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 420 (2002), S. 373-374 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] If the mantra in real estate is 'location, location, location', in genetics it would be 'phenotype, phenotype, phenotype'. There is simply no substitute for a detailed phenotypic analysis of a mutant strain (study of the overt manifestation of a mutated gene in the organism). This has the potential ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/420373a
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    GENETICS OF THE MAMMALIAN CIRCADIAN SYSTEM: Photic Entrainment, Circadian Pacemaker Mechanisms, and Posttranslational Regulation (2000)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 34 (2000), S. 533-562 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract During the past four years, significant progress has been made in identifying the molecular components of the mammalian circadian clock system. An autoregulatory transcriptional feedback loop similar to that described in Drosophila appears to form the core circadian rhythm generating mechanism in mammals. Two basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) PAS (PER-ARNT-SIM) transcription factors, CLOCK and BMAL1, form the positive elements of the system and drive transcription of three Period and two Cryptochrome genes. The protein products of these genes are components of a negative feedback complex that inhibits CLOCK and BMAL1 to close the circadian loop. In this review, we focus on three aspects of the circadian story in mammals: the genetics of the photic entrainment pathway; the molecular components of the circadian pacemaker in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus; and the role of posttranslational regulation of circadian elements. A molecular description of the mammalian circadian system has revealed that circadian oscillations may be a fundamental property of many cells in the body and that a circadian hierarchy underlies the temporal organization of animals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.genet.34.1.533
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MAMMALIAN CIRCADIAN BIOLOGY: Elucidating Genome-Wide Levels of Temporal Organization (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics 5 (2004), S. 407-441 
    Details
    ISSN: 1527-8204
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: During the past decade, the molecular mechanisms underlying the mammalian circadian clock have been defined. A core set of circadian clock genes common to most cells throughout the body code for proteins that feed back to regulate not only their own expression, but also that of clock output genes and pathways throughout the genome. The circadian system represents a complex multioscillatory temporal network in which an ensemble of coupled neurons comprising the principal circadian pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus is entrained to the daily light/dark cycle and subsequently transmits synchronizing signals to local circadian oscillators in peripheral tissues. Only recently has the importance of this system to the regulation of such fundamental biological processes as the cell cycle and metabolism become apparent. A convergence of data from microarray studies, quantitative trait locus analysis, and mutagenesis screens demonstrates the pervasiveness of circadian regulation in biological systems. The importance of maintaining the internal temporal homeostasis conferred by the circadian system is revealed by animal models in which mutations in genes coding for core components of the clock result in disease, including cancer and disturbances to the sleep/wake cycle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.genom.5.061903.175925
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Entrainment of the circadian system of the house sparrow: A population of oscillators in pinealectomized birds (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 146 (1982), S. 245-253 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Removal of the pineal gland modifies the entrainment behavior of house sparrows. Abnormal entrainment occurs in pinealectomized sparrows exposed to ‘skeleton’ photoperiods (light cycles composed of 2 pulses of light per 24-h cycle). This abnormal entrainment depends upon the state of the locomotor activity (rhythmic or arrhythmic) before exposure to the light cycle, and upon the interval between the 2 pulses of light which constitute the skeleton photoperiod. The conditions that produce abnormal entrainment in pinealectomized birds are strongly correlated with those that produce 2 stable phases of entrainment to skeleton photoperiods in normal birds (‘bistability phenomenon’). These results suggest that after pinealectomy, there remains a population of oscillators whose combined output is reflected in the locomotor activity of individual sparrows.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00610244
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multiple redundant circadian oscillators within the isolated avian pineal gland (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 154 (1984), S. 435-440 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The avian pineal gland contains a circadian pacemaker that oscillates in vitro. Using a flow-through culture system it is possible to measure melatonin production from very small subsections of an individual gland. We have used this technique to attempt to localize the oscillators in the pineal. Progressive tissue reduction did not affect the rhythmicity of cultured pineals. Multiple pieces (up to eight) from a single pineal all were capable of circadian oscillation — establishing directly that a pineal gland contains at least eight oscillators. All pineal pieces were responsive to light, and single light pulses shifted the phase of the melatonin rhythm. Because pieces equivalent to less than one per cent of the whole gland were rhythmic and because the capacity for oscillation was distributed throughout the gland, an individual pineal appears to be composed of a population of circadian oscillators.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00605243
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spectral sensitivity of a novel photoreceptive system mediating entrainment of mammalian circadian rhythms (1984)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 308 (1984), S. 186-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] While all other vertebrates have extraretinal photoreceptive input to the circadian system5, in mammals the photoreceptors for entrainment and phase shifting are located in the eye6,7 A specialized retinal projection terminating in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus conveys photic ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/308186a0
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Circadian clocks à la CREM (1993)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 365 (1993), S. 299-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] DESCARTES argued that the pineal gland is of especial significance as the seat of the soul because it is the only unpaired struc-ture in the human brain. From the molecular view of the rodent pineal pro-vided by Stehle et al. on page 314 of this issue1, it seems that this organ is indeed special. ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/365299a0
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ion channels get the message (1996)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 382 (1996), S. 117-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] OVER the past few years, we have learned a great deal about circadian clocks and how they function, both at the organismal and the molecular levels. We know that circadian pacemakers are discretely localized and can be isolated for study in vitro; that these pacemakers are cell autonomous; and that ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/382117a0
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