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  • 1
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    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Fiehn, Alina; Quack, Birgit; Hepach, Helmke; Fuhlbrügge, Steffen; Tegtmeier, Susann; Toohey, Matthew; Atlas, Elliot L; Krüger, Kirstin (2017): Delivery of halogenated very short-lived substances from the west Indian Ocean to the stratosphere during the Asian summer monsoon. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 17(11), 6723-6741, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-6723-2017
    Publication Date: 2023-01-13
    Description: During two cruises wiht RV Sonne, SO234-2 from 8 to 19 July 2014 (Durban, South Africa to Port Louis, Mauritius) and SO235 from 23 July to 7 August 2014 (Port Louis, Mauritius to Malé, Maldives), within the SPACES (Science Partnerships for the Assessment of Complex Earth System Processes) and OASIS (Organic very short-lived Substances and their air sea exchange from the Indian Ocean to the Stratosphere) research projects, surface water samples were sampled from a continuous running pump in the hydrographic shaft of RV Sonne at a depth of 5 m. Deep water samples were taken from a Niskin-bottle rosette sampler. The samples were then analyzed for halogenated compounds using a purge and trap system onboard, which was attached to a gas chromatograph with an electron capture detector for surface water samples and a GC/MS Agilent 5975 for the deep water samples. An analytical reproducibility of 10% was determined from measuring duplicate water samples, detection limit was 0.2 pmol /L. Calibration was performed with several dilutions of a mixed-compound standard prepared in methanol.
    Type: Dataset
    Format: application/zip, 97 datasets
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  • 2
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    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Tegtmeier, Susann; Hegglin, Michaela I; Anderson, John; Funke, Bernd; Gille, John C; Jones, Ashley; Smith, Lesley; von Clarmann, Thomas; Walker, Kaley A (2016): The SPARC Data Initiative: comparisons of CFC-11, CFC-12, HF and SF〈sub〉6〈/sub〉 climatologies from international satellite limb sounders. Earth System Science Data, 8(1), 61-78, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-61-2016
    Publication Date: 2023-05-12
    Description: A quality assessment of the CFC-11 (CCl3F), CFC-12 (CCl2F2), HF, and SF6 products from limb-viewing satellite instruments is provided by means of a detailed intercomparison. The climatologies in the form of monthly zonal mean time series are obtained from HALOE, MIPAS, ACE-FTS, and HIRDLS within the time period 1991-2010. The intercomparisons focus on the mean biases of the monthly and annual zonal mean fields and aim to identify their vertical, latitudinal and temporal structure. The CFC evaluations (based on MIPAS, ACE-FTS and HIRDLS) reveal that the uncertainty in our knowledge of the atmospheric CFC-11 and CFC-12 mean state, as given by satellite data sets, is smallest in the tropics and mid-latitudes at altitudes below 50 and 20 hPa, respectively, with a 1sigma multi-instrument spread of up to ±5 %. For HF, the situation is reversed. The two available data sets (HALOE and ACE-FTS) agree well above 100 hPa, with a spread in this region of ±5 to ±10 %, while at altitudes below 100 hPa the HF annual mean state is less well known, with a spread ±30 % and larger. The atmospheric SF6 annual mean states derived from two satellite data sets (MIPAS and ACE-FTS) show only very small differences with a spread of less than ±5 % and often below ±2.5 %. While the overall agreement among the climatological data sets is very good for large parts of the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (CFCs, SF6) or middle stratosphere (HF), individual discrepancies have been identified. Pronounced deviations between the instrument climatologies exist for particular atmospheric regions which differ from gas to gas. Notable features are differently shaped isopleths in the subtropics, deviations in the vertical gradients in the lower stratosphere and in the meridional gradients in the upper troposphere, and inconsistencies in the seasonal cycle. Additionally, long-term drifts between the instruments have been identified for the CFC-11 and CFC-12 time series. The evaluations as a whole provide guidance on what data sets are the most reliable for applications such as studies of atmospheric transport and variability, model-measurement comparisons and detection of long-term trends.
    Keywords: File name; Uniform resource locator/link to file
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 146 data points
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2024-02-01
    Keywords: Bromoiodomethane; Chloroiodomethane; CT; DATE/TIME; DEPTH, water; Dibromochloromethane; Dibromomethane; Diiodomethane; Iodomethane; LATITUDE; LONGITUDE; M91; M91-track; Meteor (1986); SOPRAN; South Pacific Ocean; Surface Ocean Processes in the Anthropocene; Tetrachloromethane; Tribromomethane; Trichloroethane; Trichloromethane; Underway cruise track measurements
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 658 data points
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2024-02-01
    Keywords: Bottle number; Bromoiodomethane; Chloroiodomethane; CTD/Rosette; CTD-033; CTD-035; CTD-036; CTD-038; CTD-039; CTD-041; CTD-043; CTD-046; CTD-048; CTD-049; CTD-051; CTD-052; CTD-055; CTD-058; CTD-059; CTD-060; CTD-061; CTD-064; CTD-065; CTD-074; CTD-075; CTD-080; CTD-083; CTD-087; CTD-088; CTD-089; CTD-090; CTD-092; CTD-093; CTD-094; CTD-095; CTD-096; CTD-097; CTD-RO; DATE/TIME; DEPTH, water; Dibromochloromethane; Dibromomethane; Diiodomethane; Event label; Iodomethane; Latitude of event; Longitude of event; M91; M91_1736-1; M91_1737-1; M91_1737-3; M91_1739-1; M91_1739-3; M91_1741-1; M91_1743-1; M91_1746-1; M91_1748-1; M91_1749-1; M91_1751-1; M91_1751-3; M91_1752-8; M91_1754-1; M91_1755-2; M91_1755-4; M91_1756-1; M91_1759-1; M91_1760-1; M91_1766-1; M91_1766-3; M91_1769-1; M91_1771-1; M91_1774-1; M91_1774-3; M91_1775-1; M91_1775-3; M91_1776-3; M91_1777-1; M91_1777-12; M91_1777-4; M91_1777-7; M91_1778-1; Meteor (1986); Optional event label; Sample code/label; SOPRAN; South Pacific Ocean; Surface Ocean Processes in the Anthropocene; Tetrachloromethane; Tribromomethane; Trichloroethane; Trichloromethane
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 1919 data points
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  • 5
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    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Hepach, Helmke; Quack, Birgit; Tegtmeier, Susann; Engel, Anja; Bracher, Astrid; Fuhlbrügge, Steffen; Galgani, Luisa; Atlas, Elliot L; Lampel, Johannes; Frieß, Udo; Krüger, Kirstin (2016): Biogenic halocarbons from the Peruvian upwelling region as tropospheric halogen source. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 16(18), 12219-12237, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-12219-2016
    Publication Date: 2024-02-01
    Description: Halocarbons, halogenated short-chained hydrocarbons, are produced naturally in the oceans by biological and chemical processes. They are emitted from surface seawater into the atmosphere, where they take part in numerous chemical processes such as ozone destruction and the oxidation of mercury and dimethyl sulfide. Here we present oceanic and atmospheric halocarbon data for the Peruvian upwelling obtained during the M91 cruise onboard the research vessel Meteor in December 2012. Surface waters during the cruise were characterized by moderate concentrations of bromoform (CHBr3) and dibromomethane (CH2Br2) correlating with diatom biomass derived from marker pigment concentrations, which suggests this phytoplankton group as likely source. Concentrations measured for the iodinated compounds methyl iodide (CH3I) of up to 35.4 pmol L-1, chloroiodomethane (CH2ClI) of up to 58.1 pmol L-1 and diiodomethane (CH2I2) of up to 32.4 pmol L-1 in water samples were much higher than previously reported for the tropical Atlantic upwelling systems. Iodocarbons also correlated with the diatom biomass and even more significantly with dissolved organic matter (DOM) components measured in the surface water. Our results suggest a biological source of these compounds as significant driving factor for the observed large iodocarbon concentrations. Elevated atmospheric mixing ratios of CH3I (up to 3.2 ppt), CH2ClI (up to 2.5 ppt) and CH2I2 (3.3 ppt) above the upwelling were correlated with seawater concentrations and high sea-to-air fluxes. The enhanced iodocarbon production in the Peruvian upwelling contributed significantly to tropospheric iodine levels.
    Keywords: SOPRAN; Surface Ocean Processes in the Anthropocene
    Type: Dataset
    Format: application/zip, 3 datasets
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2024-02-16
    Keywords: 19-Butanoyloxyfucoxanthin; 19-Hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin; Alloxanthin; alpha-Carotene, beta,epsilon-Carotene; Antheraxanthin; Astaxanthin; beta-Carotene, beta,beta-Carotene; Chlorophyll a; Chlorophyll b; Chlorophyll c1+c2; Chlorophyll c3; CT; CTD/Rosette; CTD-002; CTD-003; CTD-010; CTD-013; CTD-017; CTD-019; CTD-021; CTD-024; CTD-026; CTD-028; CTD-030; CTD-034; CTD-035; CTD-036; CTD-039; CTD-041; CTD-043; CTD-044; CTD-045; CTD-046; CTD-047; CTD-048; CTD-049; CTD-050; CTD-052; CTD-055; CTD-058; CTD-060; CTD-061; CTD-064; CTD-065; CTD-067; CTD-068; CTD-071; CTD-073; CTD-075; CTD-080; CTD-082; CTD-083; CTD-088; CTD-090; CTD-094; CTD-095; CTD-096; CTD-097; CTD-RO; DATE/TIME; DEPTH, water; Diadinoxanthin; Diatoxanthin; Dinoxanthin; Divinyl chlorophyll a; Divinyl chlorophyll b; Event label; Fucoxanthin; Gear; High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC); LATITUDE; LONGITUDE; Lutein; M91; M91_1713-1; M91_1713-3; M91_1719-1; M91_1721-3; M91_1724-3; M91_1725-3; M91_1727-1; M91_1729-1; M91_1731-1; M91_1733-1; M91_1733-13; M91_1736-3; M91_1737-1; M91_1737-3; M91_1739-3; M91_1741-1; M91_1743-1; M91_1744-1; M91_1745-1; M91_1746-1; M91_1747-1; M91_1748-1; M91_1749-1; M91_1750-1; M91_1751-3; M91_1752-8; M91_1754-1; M91_1755-4; M91_1756-1; M91_1759-1; M91_1760-1; M91_1762-2; M91_1763-1; M91_1764-8; M91_1765-1; M91_1766-3; M91_1769-1; M91_1770-4; M91_1771-1; M91_1774-3; M91_1775-3; M91_1777-12; M91_1777-4; M91_1777-7; M91_1778-1; M91-track; Meteor (1986); Mg-2,4-divinyl pheoporphyrin a5 monomethyl ester; Neoxanthin; Peridinin; Phaeophorbide a; Pheophytin a; Pheophytin b; Pyropheophorbide a; Pyropheophytin a; Sample code/label; South Pacific Ocean; Underway cruise track measurements; Violaxanthin; Zeaxanthin
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 7378 data points
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2020-04-30
    Electronic ISSN: 2662-138X
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2016-12-29
    Print ISSN: 0167-7764
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-0662
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Published by Springer
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2020-06-16
    Description: Halogenated very short-lived substances (VSLSs), such as bromoform (CHBr3), can be transported to the stratosphere and contribute to the halogen loading and ozone depletion. Given their highly variable emission rates and their short atmospheric lifetimes, the exact amount as well as the spatio-temporal variability of their contribution to the stratospheric halogen loading are still uncertain. We combine observational data sets with Lagrangian atmospheric modelling in order to analyse the spatial and temporal variability of the CHBr3 injection into the stratosphere for the time period 1979–2013. Regional maxima with mixing ratios of up to 0.4–0.5 ppt at 17 km altitude are diagnosed to be over Central America (1) and over the Maritime Continent–west Pacific (2), both of which are confirmed by high-altitude aircraft campaigns. The CHBr3 maximum over Central America is caused by the co-occurrence of convectively driven short transport timescales and strong regional sources, which in conjunction drive the seasonality of CHBr3 injection. Model results at a daily resolution reveal isolated, exceptionally high CHBr3 values in this region which are confirmed by aircraft measurements during the ACCENT campaign and do not occur in spatially or temporally averaged model fields. CHBr3 injection over the west Pacific is centred south of the Equator due to strong oceanic sources underneath prescribed by the here-applied bottom-up emission inventory. The globally largest CHBr3 mixing ratios at the cold point level of up to 0.6 ppt are diagnosed to occur over the region of India, Bay of Bengal, and Arabian Sea (3); however, no data from aircraft campaigns are available to confirm this finding. Inter-annual variability of stratospheric CHBr3 injection of 10 %–20 % is to a large part driven by the variability of coupled ocean–atmosphere circulation systems. Long-term changes, on the other hand, correlate with the regional sea surface temperature trends resulting in positive trends of stratospheric CHBr3 injection over the west Pacific and Asian monsoon region and negative trends over the east Pacific. For the tropical mean, these opposite regional trends balance each other out, resulting in a relatively weak positive trend of 0.017±0.012 ppt Br per decade for 1979–2013, corresponding to 3 % Br per decade. The overall contribution of CHBr3 together with CH2Br2 to the stratospheric halogen loading accounts for 4.7 ppt Br, in good agreement with existing studies, with 50 % and 50 % being injected in the form of source and product gases, respectively.
    Print ISSN: 1680-7316
    Electronic ISSN: 1680-7324
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2020-07-29
    Description: We examine differences among reanalysis high-cloud products in the tropics, assess the impacts of these differences on radiation budgets at the top of the atmosphere and within the tropical upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS), and discuss their possible origins in the context of the reanalysis models. We focus on the ERA5 (fifth-generation European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts – ECMWF – reanalysis), ERA-Interim (ECMWF Interim Reanalysis), JRA-55 (Japanese 55-year Reanalysis), MERRA-2 (Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2), and CFSR/CFSv2 (Climate Forecast System Reanalysis/Climate Forecast System Version 2) reanalyses. As a general rule, JRA-55 produces the smallest tropical high-cloud fractions and cloud water contents among the reanalyses, while MERRA-2 produces the largest. Accordingly, long-wave cloud radiative effects are relatively weak in JRA-55 and relatively strong in MERRA-2. Only MERRA-2 and ERA5 among the reanalyses produce tropical-mean values of outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR) close to those observed, but ERA5 tends to underestimate cloud effects, while MERRA-2 tends to overestimate variability. ERA5 also produces distributions of long-wave, short-wave, and total cloud radiative effects at the top of the atmosphere that are very consistent with those observed. The other reanalyses all exhibit substantial biases in at least one of these metrics, although compensation between the long-wave and short-wave effects helps to constrain biases in the total cloud radiative effect for most reanalyses. The vertical distribution of cloud water content emerges as a key difference between ERA-Interim and other reanalyses. Whereas ERA-Interim shows a monotonic decrease of cloud water content with increasing height, the other reanalyses all produce distinct anvil layers. The latter is in better agreement with observations and yields very different profiles of radiative heating in the UTLS. For example, whereas the altitude of the level of zero net radiative heating tends to be lower in convective regions than in the rest of the tropics in ERA-Interim, the opposite is true for the other four reanalyses. Differences in cloud water content also help to explain systematic differences in radiative heating in the tropical lower stratosphere among the reanalyses. We discuss several ways in which aspects of the cloud and convection schemes impact the tropical environment. Discrepancies in the vertical profiles of temperature and specific humidity in convective regions are particularly noteworthy, as these variables are directly constrained by data assimilation, are widely used, and feed back to convective behaviour through their relationships with thermodynamic stability.
    Print ISSN: 1680-7316
    Electronic ISSN: 1680-7324
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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