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  • 1
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    Early events in vision (1979)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1979-02-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Goldsmith, T H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1979 Feb 16;203(4381):641-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17813372" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    The ultraviolet receptor of bird retinas (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-07-20
    Description: The eyes of 15 species of birds from 10 families have some cones maximally sensitive at 370 nanometers in the near-ultraviolet. Spectral sensitivity was measured by recording extracellularly in opened eyecups , and a maximum in the ultraviolet was revealed by selectively adapting the retina with yellow background lights. The 370-nanometer spectral sensitivity function is attributed to receptors because its spectral position does not vary with the strength of adaptation and because it is present when the receptor potentials are isolated from the contributions of higher order retinal neurons by exposing the retina to sodium aspartate. These measurements demonstrate the basis for the ultraviolet sensitivity of birds that has been seen in behavioral experiments, and they provide further evidence that many vertebrates share with insects vision in the near-ultraviolet.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chen, D M -- Collins, J S -- Goldsmith, T H -- EY03266/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- FY00222/PHS HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Jul 20;225(4659):337-40.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6740315" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Birds/*physiology ; Chickens/physiology ; Columbidae/physiology ; Electrophysiology ; Photic Stimulation ; Photoreceptor Cells/physiology ; Retina/*physiology ; *Ultraviolet Rays
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Hummingbirds see near ultraviolet light (1980)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1980-02-15
    Description: Three species of hummingbird (Archilochus alexandri, Lampornis clemenciae, and Eugenes fulgens) were trained to make visual discriminations between lights of different spectral content. On the basis of initial choices of feeders following a period of conditioning, birds of all three species were able to distinguish near ultraviolet (370 nanometers, 20-nanometer half bandwidth) from darkness (unilluminated viewing screen) or from the small amount of far red light that leaked through the ultraviolet-transmitting glass filter. A human observer was unable to make either discrimination. The birds were also able to distinguish white lights lacking wavelengths shorter than 400 nanometers from the full spectrum of the quartz-halogen bulbs. One can infer that the cone oil droplets, which have been lost from the retinas of most mammals, provide a potentially more flexible system for restricting the short wavelength end of the visible spectrum than does the filtering action of lens and macula that serves this function in the human eye.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Goldsmith, T H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1980 Feb 15;207(4432):786-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7352290" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Behavior, Animal/physiology ; Biological Evolution ; Birds/*physiology ; Filtration ; Oils ; Ultraviolet Rays ; Vision, Ocular/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differential wavelength sensitivity in the receptive fields of sustaining fibers in the optic tract of the crayfishProcambarus (1973)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 87 (1973), S. 247-257 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Spike discharges were measured at 473 nm and at 573 nm in 40–50 individual sustaining fibers (slowly-adapting units signaling intensity levels over large receptive fields). The units belonged to five of the 14 classes of sustaining fibers recognized by Wiersma and Yamaguchi (1966) on the basis of the positions of their receptive fields. The test wavelengths were selected because they lie near the peaks of sensitivity of the two spectral types of receptor known to be present in the ommatida. Relative sensitivity was measured at 5 ° intervals as the test lights were moved around the eye on various arcs, and the receptive fields were described in terms of contours of equal sensitivity for each wavelength. No large differences in relative spectral sensitivity were observed as a function of position in the receptive field, but there was a consistent tendency for sensitivity to blue light to be relatively greater in the dorsal region of the eye. The difference was modest, generally being 0.5 log units or less. This effect could be caused either by regional variation in the population density of the blue and yellow-green receptors, or by weighting of inputs in the optic neuropile.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00696045
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The UV visual world of fishes: a review (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 54 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Ultraviolet-A radiation (320–400 nm) is scattered rapidly in water. Despite this fact, UV is present in biologically useful amounts to at least 100 m deep in clear aquatic environments. Discovery of UV visual pigments with peak absorption at around 360 nm in teleost cone photoreceptors indicates that many teleost fishes may be adapted for vision in the UV range. Considering the characteristic absorption curve for visual pigments, about 18% of the downwelling light that illuminates objects at 30-m depth would be available to UV-sensitive cones. Strong scattering of UV radiation should produce unique imaging conditions as a very bright UV background in the horizontal view and a marked veiling effect that, with distance, obscures an image. Many teleosts have three, or even four, classes of cone cells mediating colour vision in their retina and one can be sensitive to UV. These UV-sensitive cones contain a visual pigment based on a unique opsin which is highly conserved between fish species. Several powerful methods exist for demonstration of UV vision, but all are rather demanding in terms of technique and equipment. Demonstration that the eye lacks UV-blocking compounds that are present in many fish eyes is a simpler method that can indicate the possibility of UV vision. The only experimental evidence for the use of UV vision by fishes is connected to planktivory: detection of UV-opaque objects at close range against a bright UV background is enhanced by the physical properties of UV light. Once present, perhaps for the function of detecting food, UV vision may well be co-opted through natural selection for other functions. Recent discovery that UV vision is critically important for mate choice in some birds and lizards is a strong object lesson for fish ecologists and behaviourists. Other possible functions amount to far more than merely adding a fourth dimension to the visible spectrum. Since UV is scattered so effectively in water, it may be useful for social signalling at short range and reduce the possibility of detection by other, illegitimate, receivers. Since humans are blind to UV light, we may be significantly in error, in many cases, in our attempts to understand and evaluate visual aspects of fish behaviour. A survey of the reflectance properties of skin pigments in fishes reveals a rich array of pigments with reflectance peaks in the UV. For example, the same yellow to our eyes may comprise two perceptually different colours to fish, yellow and UV-yellow. It is clearly necessary for us to anticipate that many fishes may have some form of UV vision.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1999.tb00848.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Activity of long-wavelength cones under scotopic conditions in the cyprinid fish Danio aequipinnatus (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 181 (1997), S. 493-500 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Key words Rod-cone interaction ; Scotopic spectral sensitivity ; Cyprinid fish ; Danio aequipinnatus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In carp (Cyprinus) and goldfish (Carassius), long-wavelength cones are reported to be active under scotopic conditions. Using the electroretinogram (ERG), we tested another cyprinid fish, Danio aequipinnatus, which contains A1-based visual pigments and for which we had previously measured the spectral sensitivities of individual cones. Dark adaptation curves show a rod/cone break at about 45 min. When thoroughly dark-adapted, the spectral sensitivity function is broader than can be accounted for by self-screening of rhodopsin, but it can be modeled by an additive combination of rods and the 560-nm cones. Dim, red background light causes adaptation of rods and a broadening of the spectral sensitivity function, which can be simulated by increasing the proportion of cones in the model. Brighter red backgrounds adapt the 560-nm cones. Because of the effect of red adapting lights, the ERG evidence for the participation of long-wavelength cones close to visual threshold appears to be different in Danio than in the goldfish Carassius.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003590050133
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On polar auxin transport in plant cells (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of mathematical biology 28 (1990), S. 197-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1416
    Keywords: Auxin ; Indoleacetic acid ; Polar auxin transport ; Polarity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We present here explicit mathematical formulas for calculating the concentration, mass, and velocity of movement of the center of mass of the plant growth regulator auxin during its polar movement through a linear file of cells. The results of numerical computations for two cases, (a) the conservative, in which the mass in the system remains constant and (b) the non-conservative, in which the system acquires mass at one end and loses it at the other, are graphically presented. Our approach differs from that of Mitchison's (Mitchison 1980) in considering both initial effects of loading and end effects of substance leaving the file of cells. We find the velocity varies greatly as mass is entering or leaving the file of cells but remains constant as long as most of the mass is within the cells. This is also the time for which Mitchison's formula for the velocity, which neglects end effects, reflects the true velocity of auxin movement. Finally, the predictions of the model are compared with two sets of experimental data. Movement of a pulse of auxin through corn coleoptiles is well described by the theory. Movement of auxin through zucchini shoots, however, shows the need to take into account immobilization of auxin by this tissue during the course of transport.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00163145
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  • 8
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    Mathematical analysis of the chemosmotic polar diffusion of auxin through plant tissues (1981)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981-02-01
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 9
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    THE VISUAL SYSTEM OF THE HONEYBEE (1958)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 1958-02-01
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 10
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    Visual Systems; The Compound Eye and Vision of Insects . Papers from a symposium, Canberra, Australia, Aug. 1972. G. A. Horridge, Ed. Clarendon (Oxford University Press), New York, 1975. xviii, 596 pp., illus. $46. (1975)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 1975-11-21
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science
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