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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tris(dibenzoylmethane)(monophenanthroline)europium(III) based red emitting organic light emitting diodes (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 90 (2001), S. 5357-5362 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The concept of a blue light emitting diode containing a hole blocking layer (HBL) is generalized to efficiently excite dye molecules introduced in the form of an emission layer on the hole transporting side. The concept allows the excitation of an emitting molecule even if the molecule does not act primarily as a recombination center. On the basis of this concept pure red emitting organic light emitting diodes were produced utilizing tris(dibenzoylmethane)(monophenanthroline)europium(III) [Eu(dbm)3phen] as the emitting layer in an Al/LiF/Aluminum tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) (Alq3)/HBL/Eu(dbm)3phen/N,N′-di(1-naphthyl)-N,N′-diphenylbenzidine (α-NPD)/copper-phthalo- cyanine (CuPc)/indium tin oxide structure. Additionally, the luminance output of such a device was improved by partially adding a hole transport material to the emitting layer in order to increase the penetration of holes into the emission region. A maximum luminance output of 200 cd/m2 at 15 V was achieved without optimizing the layer thickness. Furthermore, the effect of saturation of the Eu3+ emission is studied and discussed. The basic device architecture presented here is expected to work with other transport and emitting materials also. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1410319
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biological Significance of a Peculiar Pattern of Hormone Release from Iodine Deficient Rat Goitres (1968)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 220 (1968), S. 1328-1329 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Seventy-five male rats of the CF-Gif strain were used for the experiments the results of which are shown in Fig. 1. During 25 days preceding the experiment the animals were fed a diet containing propylthiouracil (PTU) in order to convert thyroid glands into hyperplastic goitres depleted of iodine ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2201328a0
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Confinement in a cryogenic penning trap of highest charge state ions from EBIT (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 3472-3478 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The retrapping of highly charged Xe44+ and Th68+,72+ ions extracted from an "electron-beam ion trap'' (EBIT) is demonstrated after injection of the ions into RETRAP, a cryogenic Penning trap (up to 6 T magnetic field) currently with an open cylinder design. Ion extraction in a short pulse (5–20 μs) from EBIT, essential for efficient retrapping, is employed. The ions are slowed down upon entering a deceleration tube mounted above the trap within the magnetic field. The potential is then rapidly (100 ns) decreased, enabling low-energy ions to enter the trap. Capture efficiencies up to 25% are observed via detection of the delayed ion release pulse with a detector below the trap. Signal voltages induced in a tuned circuit due to single and multiple ions have been observed by tuning the ion resonant axial oscillation frequencies for different ions. Results from transporting and retrapping of the ions, as well as their detection, are described and the trapping efficiency is discussed. The motivation for these studies is to cool the trapped very highly charged ions to low temperatures (〈4 K) in order to perform ultrahigh-resolution precision spectroscopy, collision studies at ultralow energies, and to observe phase transitions in Coulomb clusters of highly charged ions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1144525
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Trap engineering in organic hole transport materials (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 89 (2001), S. 5559-5563 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Chemical impurities with known highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energies were incorporated in organic hole transport materials. The effect of these dopants on quantity and depth of trap levels, transport properties, and luminescence of organic light emitting devices was examined. This was achieved by investigating current–voltage characteristics, luminance–voltage characteristics, and utilizing the method of thermally stimulated current for trap level detection. It was found that 4,4′,4″-tris-[N-(1-naphthyl)-N-(phenylamino)]triphenylamine (1-NaphDATA) doped into N,N′-di(1-naphthyl)-N,N′-diphenylbenzidine (α-NPD) generates a trap level whose activation energy corresponds to the HOMO energy difference between dopant and matrix molecules. Therefore, the detected electronic states can be assigned to hole traps. The influence of those traps on the charge transport will be reported. For doping α-NPD into 1-NaphDATA no new trap levels could be detected. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1362371
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanisms of injection enhancement in organic light-emitting diodes through an Al/LiF electrode (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 89 (2001), S. 420-424 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The mechanisms of enhanced electron injection into the electron transport layer of Alq3 [tris(8-hydroxyquinoline)-aluminum] via LiF interlayers are studied by means of I–V characteristics, secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS), and Kelvin probe measurements. Devices for single carrier injection were prepared using aluminum electrodes, Alq3 electron transport layers, and thin intermediate layers of LiF. It was found that devices deposited in the order Alq3-LiF-aluminum have a much higher electron injection capability than structures deposited in the order aluminum-LiF-Alq3. SIMS depth profile analysis reveals that the evaporation of Al on LiF leads to a spatial separation of Li and F probably induced by a chemical reaction of Al with LiF. Simple thermodynamic calculations support the energetic feasibility of such a reaction. Titanium cathodes in the same layer sequence also exhibit electron injection enhancement, probably due to their similar chemical reactivity. However, electron injection from Ag electrodes is not significantly improved by the introduction of a LiF interlayer. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1331651
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Study of hydrogen incorporation in MOS-structures after various process steps using nuclear reaction analysis (NRA)
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Microelectronic Engineering 22 (1993), S. 65-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 0167-9317
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0167-9317(93)90131-N
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In-situ hydrogen charging of thin Nb films and depth profiling with the ^1H(^1^5N, αγ)^1^2C nuclear reaction
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research, B 85 (1994), S. 24-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 0168-583X
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-583X(94)95778-9
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydrogen profiling of Nb-Hf-Nb layers by the ^1^5N method
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research, B 50 (1990), S. 31-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 0168-583X
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0168-583X(90)90324-N
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stickstoffschnellanalyse an StÄhlen nach der Methode der Vakuumschmelzextraktion (1966)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 218 (1966), S. 241-249 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Stickstoffschnellbestimmung an StÄhlen nach der Methode der Vakuumschmelzextraktion zeigt oftmals unbefriedigende Ergebnisse. Es wurde gefunden, da\ bei Al-, Ti-, und Zr-haltigen StÄhlen zu tiefe Stickstoffwerte erhalten werden, wobei die Minderbefunde mit zunehmendem Gehalt der Extraktionsschmelze an Kohlenstoff zunehmen. Durch die Verwendung einer Ta + Fe-Vorschmelze bei der Vakuumschmelzextraktion im Graphittiegel ist es möglich, die Ausscheidung von PrimÄrgraphit zu unterdrücken und eine quantitative Extraktion des Stickstoffs aus Stahlproben zu erreichen. Durch Kombination der Saugkokillenprobenahme (nach Feichtinger) mit der Vakuumschmelzextraktion (nach Feichtinger) aus einer Ta + Fe-Vorschmelze ist es möglich, quantitative Stickstoff- und Wasserstoffschnellanalysen an StÄhlen in so kurzer Zeit durchzuführen, da\ für den Stahlwerker die Möglichkeit der Korrektur der Schmelze im Ofen noch gegeben ist.
    Notes: Summary Unsatisfactory results are often yielded by the vacuum-melt extraction method for the rapid determination of nitrogen in steels. It has been ascertained that the nitrogen values obtained for steels containing Al, Ti and Zr are too low, and that they are increasingly on the low side as the carbon content in the extraction melt increases. By employing a Ta + Fe preliminary melt for the vacuum melt extraction in the graphite crucible it is possible to suppress the precipitation of primary graphite and to obtain a quantitative extraction of nitrogen from steel samples. By combining the sampling from suction shells (after Feichtinger) with the vacuum-melt extraction (after Feichtinger) from a Ta + Fe preliminary melt it is possible to carry out rapid quantitative analyses of nitrogen and hydrogen in steels. In this way the steel worker is able to correct the melt in the furnace.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00517420
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Highly charged ion Coulomb crystallization in mixed strongly coupled plasmas (2000)
    Springer
    Hyperfine interactions 127 (2000), S. 215-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9540
    Keywords: Coulomb crystals ; cold highly charged ions ; laser cooling ; sympathetic cooling ; white dwarfs ; laser spectroscopy ; quantum computing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The investigation of highly charged ion Coulomb crystallization in mixed strongly coupled plasmas is of interest in many areas: white dwarf astrophysical plasmas are believed to have very similar thermodynamic properties, cold highly charged ions can be used as an object for high precision laser spectroscopy of fine and hyperfine transitions in the visible due to the absence of Doppler broadening and, an entirely new area of research is the potential application to highly charged ion based quantum computing schemes. We report the formation of such plasmas in a cryogenic Penning trap. These plasmas consisting of many species including Be+ and Xe44+ or Be+ and Xe15+ ions, are formed at a temperature of less than 4 K. The temperatures were obtained by applying a laser based sympathetic cooling scheme. The determination of the temperature and density from the laser resonance width and the fluorescence imaging of the Be+ clouds, respectively, yields a Coulomb coupling constant for the centrifugally separated Xe plasma high enough for crystallization. A molecular dynamics code, developed just for this purpose, was run to clarify the understanding of these plasmas and it was possible to show consistency between experiment and simulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1012647702236
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