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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 48 (1998), S. 324-334 
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words MHC ; HLA class I ; Peptide binding ; Mathematical models
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  HLA class I alleles are studied by representing them in a metric space where each dimension corresponds to each one of the amino acid positions. Their similarity in reference to their ability to present peptides to T cells is then evaluated by calculating the correlation matrix between the amino-acid-composition tables (or binding affinity tables) for the sets of peptides presented by each allele. This correlation matrix is considered an empirical similarity matrix between HLA alleles, and is modeled in terms of possible structures defined in the metric space of HLA class I amino acid sequences. These geometric structures are adequate models of the peptide-binding data currently available. The following clusters of HLA class I molecules are identified in reference to their ability to present peptides: Cluster I) HLA-A3/ HLA-A11/ HLA-A31/ HLA-A33/ HLA-A68; Cluster II) HLA-B35/ HLA-B51/ HLA-B53/ HLA-B54/ HLA-B7; and Cluster III) HLA-A29/ HLA-B61/HLA-B44; the last cluster showing possible similarities between alleles from different loci. In modeling these natural clusters, the geometric structures with more predictive power confirm the importance of those positions in the peptide-binding groove, particularly those in the B pocket. In addition, other positions (46, 79, 113, 131, 144, and 177) appeared to bear some relevance in determining which peptides can be presented by which HLA alleles.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Genomics 16 (1993), S. 301-302 
    ISSN: 0888-7543
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0888-7543
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0888-7543
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 88 (2000), S. 2437-2442 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Polycrystalline In2O3:Sn (ITO) films have been prepared by reactive radio frequency diode sputtering of an oxidic target using various oxygen/argon mixtures. They mostly contain more oxygen than the ideal crystal. When deposited at low pressure, the crystals have an expanded lattice (up to 3.5%) and, for small oxygen addition to the sputter gas, are also denser than the ideal crystal. This is explained by an incorporation of additional oxygen in the bixbyite structure, possibly into constitutional vacancies. Upon annealing, the lattice relaxes, however, the additional oxygen remains in the films. A model of oxygen segregation into grain boundaries is developed, that could also explain the grain–subgrain structure sometimes reported for ITO films. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 28 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Cell-wall (CW) pectin content and its degree of methylation in root apices of selected maize cultivars were studied in relation to genotypic Al resistance. Maize cultivars differing in Al resistance were grown in nutrient solution treated with or without Al, and pectin content of the root tips was determined. Control plants did not differ in pectin content in the 5 mm root apex. Al treatment increased the pectin content of the root apex in all cultivars but more prominently in the Al-sensitive cultivars. Pectin and Al contents in 1 mm root sections decreased from the apex to the 3–4 mm zone. Pectin contents of the apical root sections were consistently higher although significantly different only in the 1–2 mm zone in the Al-sensitive cv Lixis. Al contents in most root sections were significantly higher in cv Lixis than in Al-resistant cv ATP-Y. Localization of pectins by immunofluorescence revealed that Al-sensitive cv. Lixis has a higher proportion of low-methylated pectin and thus a higher negativity of the cell wall than Al-resistant cv ATP-Y. This is in agreement with the higher Al content and Al sensitivity of cv Lixis. It is concluded that differences in CW pectin and its degree of methylation contribute to genotypic differences in Al resistance in maize in addition to the release of organic acid anions previously reported.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Insect Physiology 23 (1977), S. 1397-1406 
    ISSN: 0022-1910
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0040-6031
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 20 (1976), S. 135-142 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary For technical reasons it was not possible until now to study temperature and humidity preferences of arthropods simultaneously. It was therefore impossible to examine the influence of both preferences on each other. A new apparatus, the Thermo-Hygro-Labyrinth, permits the simultaneous investigation of preferred temperature and humidity. It consists of a “labyrinth” of chambers with different temperatures and humidities. They are connected by tubes (Fig. 1, “Verbindungsgang”) so that the insect can reach every chamber. The chambers are arranged in five parallel longitudinal lines, each line consisting of seven chambers showing the same temperature. Altogether there are five different temperatures. At a right angle to the longitudinal lines each of the seven cross lines consists of five chambers with the same humidity, so that seven humidity steps can be arranged. To control the air temperature in the chambers each longitudinal chamber line is surrounded by a separate temperature-regulated water bath (Fig. 2, “inneres Becken”). These five smaller water bathes are arranged in a larger one (“äußeres Becken”). The arrangement works as a cooling system to provide temperatures below room temperatures. The humidity of each chamber is regulated by saturated salt solutions (Fig. 3) located under a perforated run floor (Fig. 2, “Laufboden”). Triangle prisms fill in all corners of the chambers and prevent the animal from hiding instead of looking for another chamber offering more favourable temperature or humidity conditions.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Vorzugstemperatur und Vorzugsluftfeuchtigkeit konnten bisher nur getrennt ermittelt werden, so daß zusammenhängende Präferenzänderungen zwischen Vorzugstemperatur und Vorzugsluftfeuchtigkeit nicht erfaßbar waren. Mit Hilfe einer neuen Apparatur, dem Thermo-Hygro-Labyrinth, wurde es möglich, Vorzugstemperatur und Vorzugsluftfeuchtigkeit gleichzeitig zu bestimmen. Das neue Gerät besteht aus einem “Labyrinth” von Kammern mit unterschiedlichen Temperaturen und Luftfeuchtigkeiten. Sie sind durch Laufröhren miteinander verbunden, so daß die Versuchstiere jede beliebige Kammer aufsuchen können. Die Kammern sind in fünf parallelen Längsreihen mit je sieben Kammern angeordnet. Jede Reihe weist die gleiche Temperatur auf. Es können somit insgesamt fünf Temperaturstufen eingestellt werden. Rechtwinklig zur Längsrichtung gesehen weist jede der sieben Querreihen mit ihren fünf Kammern die gleiche Luftfeuchtigkeit auf. Dabei kann von Querreihe zu Querreihe die Luftfeuchtigkeit stufenweise steigen. Es stehen also maximal sieben Feuchtigkeitsstufen zur Verfügung. Zur Regulierung der Lufttemperatur in den Kammern steht jede Kammerlängsreihe in einem separat temperierbaren Wasserbecken. Die verschiedenen Luftfeuchtigkeiten werden durch gesättigte Salzlösungen bewirkt.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 20 (1976), S. 143-153 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The combined temperature and humidity preferences were investigated in adult males ofPeriplaneta americana andBlaberus trapezoideus. Both species show an acclimatization effect. After spending one acclimatization at 20°B. trapezoideus preferred 23°–26°, after spending one month at 32° the preference was about 26°.P. americana prefers the lowest available humidity (18%).B. trapezoideus avoids dry air and is equally distributed in the steps provided of 45%–93% r.h. After desiccation to 15%–18% of the total body weight,P. americana prefers a temperature 1°–3° lower than that before desiccation, but in this case most of all it prefers a very high humidity. Desiccation has no influence on the temperature preference ofB. trapezoideus, but the animal spends more time in very high humidities.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Von adulten Männchen der beiden SchabenartenPeriplaneta americana undBlaberus trapezoideus wurden gleichzeitig Vorzugstemperatur und Vorzugsluftfeuchtigkeit ermittelt. Für beide Arten konnten in ihren Vorzugstemperaturen gewisse Akklimatisationserscheinungen festgestellt werden. BeiP. americana steigt die Vorzugstemperatur von 26°–29° nach einem einmonatigen Aufenthalt bei 20° auf etwa 29°–30° nach einerer Exposition bei 35° an.B. trapezoideus hat eine um etwa 3° niedrigere Vorzugstemperatur. Nach einem Aufenthalt bei 20° beträgt sie etwa 23°–26°. Sie steigt auf etwa 26° nach einer Exposition bei 32° an.P. americana bevorzugt stets ein trockenes Milieu (geboten wurden 18% r.L.),B. trapezoideus such höhere Luftfeuchtigkeit auf (45%–93% r.L.) und meidet trockenes Milieu. Ein Gewichtsverlust von 15%–18% veranlaßtP. americana eine um 1°–3° niedrigere Vorzugstemperatur, aber vor allem eine sehr hohe Luftfeuchte aufzusuchen. Ein Gewichtsverlust von 20%–25% des Körpergewichtes hat keinen Einfluß auf die Vorzugstemperatur vonB. trapezoideus; jedoch halten sich die Tiere nur ebenfalls länger in sehr hoher Luftfeuchte auf.
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