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1

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Symbiotic growth of indigenons white clover (Trifolium repens) with local Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii (1991)

Svenning, Mette M. ; Junttila, Olavi ; Solheim, Bjørn

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Physiologia plantarum 83 (1991), S. 0

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ISSN: 1399-3054

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Biology

Notes: To study a possible adaptation of the symbiosis between white clover (Trifolium repens L.) and Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii with regard to light and temperature at northern latitudes, local seed populations of white clover and isolates of R. leguminosarum biovar trifolii from 3 different latitudes in Norway, 58°48'N, 67°20'N and 69°22'N, were used. The commercial cultivar Undrom was used as a reference plant. The experiments were done at 18 and 9°C under controlled conditions in a phytotron during the natural growing season at 69° 39'N. Growth of the plants was evaluated by number and size of leaves, dry matter production and total N-content. At 18°C the white clover plants were harvested twice while at 9°C there was only one growth period. The results from first harvest at 18°C and total growth at 9°C, showed that white clover populations from northern Norway had a lower growth potential than the population from the south and cv. Undrom. This difference was not apparent in the second growth period at 18°C. Growth of the plants from seeds to first harvest was enhanced by mineral nitrogen compared to plants dependent on Rhizobium only. However, after a second growth period dry weight and total nitrogen content of the plants with nitrogen fixation were comparable to the plants receiving mineral nitrogen. Statistical analysis showed that the most important factor for the variation in dry matter production was the plant population. Within the populations at 9°C and at first harvest at 18°C, there were no significant differences in dry matter production with different Rhizobium inoculum. In the second growth period at 18°C, different inoculum gave significantly different amount of dry matter within a population. The results showed a significant interaction between plant population and Rhizobium inoculum, and the results indicated that plants from the north gave higher yield when nodulated by Rhizobium from the north than from the south.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1991.tb00109.x

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Early interactions between Alnus glutinosa and Frankia strain ArI3. Production and specificity of root hair deformation factor(s) (1997)

Ghelue, Marijke Van ; Løvaas, Erik ; Ringø, Einar ; [et al.]

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Physiologia plantarum 99 (1997), S. 0

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ISSN: 1399-3054

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Biology

Notes: Actinomycetes from the genus Frankia are able to form symbiotic associations with more than 200 different species of woody angiosperms, so called actinorhizal plants. Many actinorhizal plants are infected via deformed root hairs. Factor(s) eliciting root hair deformation in actinorhizal symbioses have been found to be released into the culture medium, but the factor(s) has (have) not yet been characterized. In the present work, we describe the constitutive production of factor(s) by Frankia strain ArI3 causing root hair deformation on Alnus glutinosa. Deformation was detected after 4–5 h of incubation with both Frankia cultures and their cell-free culture filtrates. When culture filtrate was used, deformation was concentration dependent. A contact time of 2 min between culture filtrate and host roots was sufficient to induce subsequent root hair deformation. No root hair deformation on A. glutinosa could be detected with purified Nod factors from Rhizobium meliloti or R. leguminosarum biovar viciae. No correlation was found between Frankia strains belonging to different host specificity groups and their ability to deform root hairs on A. glutinosa. However, strains not able to deform root hairs on A. glutinosa were also unable to nodulate.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1997.tb05360.x

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3

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Effects of temperature and photoperiod on frost resistance of white clover (Trifolium repens) ecotypes (1990)

Junttila, Olavi ; Svenning, Mette M. ; Solheim, Bjørn

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Physiologia plantarum 79 (1990), S. 0

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ISSN: 1399-3054

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Biology

Notes: Effects of photoperiod and temperature on frost resistance of seedling populations and clones of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) originating from various latitudes (58°48′–69°54′N) and altitudes (up to 1100 m above sea level) were studied in a phytotron. Low-temperature-induced cold acclimation in all populations was significantly stimulated by short photoperiod and low temperature. The highest levels of frost resistance were found in the northernmost seedling populations and in clones from northern coastal locations.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1990.tb02099.x

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4

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Effects of temperature and photoperiod on vegetative growth of white clover (Trifolium repens) ecotypes (1990)

Junttila, Olavi ; Svenning, Mette M. ; Solheim, Bjørn

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Physiologia plantarum 79 (1990), S. 0

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ISSN: 1399-3054

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Biology

Notes: Effects of photoperiod and temperature on vegetative growth of seedling populations and clones of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) originating from various latitudes (58°48′–69°54′N) and altitudes (up to 1100 m above sea level) were studied in a phytotron. Dry matter production, stolon elongation, petiole elongation and leaf lamina size were enhanced by long photoperiod. The requirement for long photoperiod increased with decreasing temperature. At 6°C the maximum growth was recorded under 24-h daylength. At 18°C already an increase in photoperiod from 12 to 15 h significantly enhanced growth, and maximum growth was obtained at 21-h photoperiod. The studied populations responded similarly to daylength, and the results did not indicate photoperiodic ecotypes in the material. The southernmost clones and populations generally had the highest dry matter production at all temperature treatments (6–18°C). Variation between clones within one location was, however, significant, and rapidly growing clones were found also in high-latitude locations. Dry matter production was poorly correlated with the morphological characters observed, but in some cases significant correlation with leaf lamina size was found.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1990.tb02098.x

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5

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Root hair deformation in the white clover/Rhizobium trifolii symbiosis (1985)

Bhuvaneswari, T. V. ; Solheim, Bjorn

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Physiologia plantarum 63 (1985), S. 0

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ISSN: 1399-3054

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Biology

Notes: Rhizobium trifolii most frequently infects its host white clover (Trifolium repens L.) by means of infection threads formed in markedly curled root hairs. Rhizobium infections are classified as either lateral or apical based on whether they originate in the branches or at the apex of the root hairs. A quantitative estimate of lateral and apical infection in the region of the host root (Trifolium repens L. cv. Regal Ladino) that possessed mature and immature root hairs at the time of inoculation with Rhizobium trifolii TAI (CSIRO, Canberra City, Australia) indicated that lateral infection occurred more frequently in the mature root hair region of the root. Apical infections were more common in the immature root hair region. Cell free filtrates collected from R. trifolii cultured in association with the host roots induced branching in white clover root hairs. A partially purified preparation of the branching factor was obtained from freeze-dried filtrates by ethanol extraction and ion exchange chromatography. Preliminary studies on the characteristics of these substances suggest that some are dialyzable and heat stable white others are non-dialyzable and heat labile. The dialyzable, heat-stable compounds contain neutral sugars and range between 1200 to 10000 daltons in size. In roots that were exposed to low concentrations (6–25 μg-ml−1) of these partially purified deformation factors before inoculation, the developmentally mature root hairs were deformed at the time of inoculation. Nodules appeared in the mature and immature root hair region of these plants at the same time. In plants exposed to water, nodules were observed in the immature root hair region and mature root hair regions 3 and 5 days after inoculation, respectively. Based on these results, we conclude that the nodule development was hastened in the plants exposed to the root hair-deforming substances because the mature root hairs of these plants were made infectible at the time of inoculation by this exposure.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1985.tb02813.x

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6

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Rhizobial polysaccharide-degrading enzymes from roots of legumes (1984)

Solheim, Bjórn ; Fjellheim, Karl E.

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Physiologia plantarum 62 (1984), S. 0

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ISSN: 1399-3054

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Biology

Notes: The surface structure and chemistry of symbiotic bacteria from the genus Rhizobium are probably important for the outcome of the infection of legume hosts. Exopolysaccharide, capsular polysaccharide, lipopolysaccharide and a low-molecular-weight polysaccharide were isolated from R. trifolii UTC 110-1 and R. leguminosarum UTC 114-5 and partially characterized. No or only minor differences in sugar composition could be found for the corresponding fractions from the two organisms. A general method to measure low activities of polymer-degrading enzymes was developed, and used to determine enzyme activities in root extracts of Trifolium repens L. cv. Lena and Pisum xativiini L. cv. Little Marvel against the isolated rhizobial polysaccharides. An enzyme preparation from T. repens partially degraded all polysaccharides isolated from its symbiont R. trifolii while polysaccharides from R. leguminosarum, symbiont of P. sativum, were degraded to a much lesser extent. Correspondingly, an enzyme preparation from P. sativum degraded all polysaccharides isolated from both its symbiont R. leguminosarum and its non-symbiont R. trifolii. The amount of symbiont polysaccharides degraded was larger than the amount of polysaccharides degraded from the non-symbiont R. trifolii.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1984.tb05916.x

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7

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Nitrogen fixation in Arctic vegetation and soils from Svalbard, Norway (1996)

Solheim, BjØrn ; Endal, Arild ; Vigstad, Hege

Springer

Polar biology 16 (1996), S. 35-40

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ISSN: 1432-2056

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract Nitrogen fixation was measured by the acetylene reduction method in a high Arctic ecosystem at Kongsfjorden, Spitsbergen (79°N, 12°E). The most important source of biologically fixed nitrogen was found in cyanobacteria either as free living colonies ofNostoc sp. in wet unvegetated or sparsely vegetated grounds or growing as epiphytes on bryophytes. Fixation associated with plant roots or in soil and peat samples had little or no significance for nitrogen input to the ecosystem. The ability to support an epiphytic flora of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria varied greatly between bryophyte species.Calliergon richardsonii andSanionia uncinata seemed especially well adapted for harbouring epiphytic cyanobacteria, but the extent of nitrogen fixation varied with the growing location. The rate of nitrogen fixation was greatly influenced by grazing by geese. In a geese-grazing area values were found with a maximum of 693.6±1.5 nmol C2H4h−1 g (dry weight)−1 while the maximum value for ungrazed areas was 65.3±16.6 nmol C2H4h−1 g (dry weight)−1. In the grazed area cyanobacteria were also found fixing nitrogen epiphytically on grass. The high plant productivity, supporting heavy grazing, clearly indicates an effective transfer of fixed nitrogen to the plant community. Under cliffs harbouring colonies of birds, the biological nitrogen fixation was inhibited by bird droppings.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01876827

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8

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Effects of extracts of Alnus glutinosa seeds on growth of Frankia strain ArI3 under static and fermentor culture conditions (1995)

Ringø, Einar ; Clausen, Einar ; Løvaas, Erik ; [et al.]

Springer

Plant and soil 176 (1995), S. 283-288

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Keywords: Alnus glutinosa ; cultures ; Frankia ; seed extract

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract In the present study, the effect of Alnus glutinosa seed extract on the in vitro growth of Frankia strain ArI3 was investigated under various culture conditions. Frankia filaments grown in static cultures showed a very slow growth with doubling time of 12 days. However, under the same growth conditions but with seed extract added to the medium, the doubling time was reduced to 6 days. A further reduction in doubling time (2.5 days) was obtained without seed extract when Frankia strain ArI3 was grown in a fermentor with continuous stirring. Under these culture conditions, seed extract did not influence the Frankia growth rate. In all our studies, Na-propionate was used as the only carbon source. Gradual addition of Na-propionate to Frankia cultures in the fermentor sustained exponential growth of the filaments over a prolonged period. The complete consumption of Na-propionate was the limiting growth factor under fermentor growth conditions. The mechanism of growth stimulation by Alnus glutinosa seed extract under growth limiting conditions in static cultures and its possible ecological significance is discussed.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011792

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