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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Macmillan Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 408 (2000), S. 665-666 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Part of the controversy surrounding this year's presidential election in the United States concerns the potential for systematic bias in the ballot-card format — could the butterfly ballot used in Palm Beach County, Florida, have led to confusion and caused people who had intended to ...
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0021-9673
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Selective Catalytic Oxidations, XXXIV1) Catalytic Oxidation of 2,7-Anhydro-β-D-altro-heptulopyranose (“Sedoheptulosan”). Preparation of 2,7-Anhydro-β-D-talo-heptulopyranoseCatalytic oxidation of sedoheptulosan 3 with platinum and oxygen in neutral or slightly alkaline aqueous solution yields besides not identified acidic products the 2,5-diulose 6, which rearranges spontaneously to give the crystalline 2,7-anhydro-β-D-lyxo-2,4-heptodiulopyranose (5a). Stereoselective reduction of 5a yields the hitherto unknown 2,7-anhydro-β-D-talo-heptulopyranose (4a), which shows an optical rotation in good agreement with a calculated value. The reduced reactivity of the primary hydroxy group of 3 under the conditions of catalytic oxidation is discussed in connection with results of nucleophilic displacement reactions.
    Notes: Die katalytische Oxidation von Sedoheptulosan 3 mit Platin und Sauerstoff liefert sowohl in neutraler als auch schwach alkalischer wäßriger Lösung neben nicht identifizierten sauren Produkten die 2,5 Diulose 6, die sich spontan in die kristallisierende 2,7-Anhydro-β-D-lyxo-2,4-heptodiulopyranose (5a) umlagert. Stereoselektive Reduktion von 5a gibt die bisher nicht bekannte 2,7-Anhydro-β-D-talo-heptulopyranose (4a), deren optische Drehung gute Übereinstimmung mit einem berechneten Wert zeigt. Die verminderte Reaktivität der primären Hydroxylgruppe von 3 bei der katalytischen Oxidation wird in Zusammenhang mit Ergebnissen von nucleophilen Substitutionsreaktionen diskutiert.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975), S. 3619-3632 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Selective Catalytic Oxidations, XXXVI. Catalytic Oxidation of Partially Protected KetosesCatalytic oxidation of partially protected ketoses does not follow the general rule, that primary hydroxyl groups are always oxidized preferentially to secondary ones. Thus, oxidation of 2,3-O-isopropylidene-β-D-fructopyranose (2a) gives the hydrated ketone 5, but only in moderate yield. Against expectation the C-1 acid 7 is not the main product of the reaction, but instead the dibasic acid 6, which is formed by overoxidation of the secondary hydroxyl groups, and its subsequent products. Reduction of ketone 5 with NaBH4 gives stereoselectively the tagato-isomer 8, the acetate 8b of it adopting presumably a slightly distorted B0.4 conformation. - Oxidation of 2,7-anhydro-β-D-allo-2-heptulopyranose (3) equally yields the ketone 14 by attack at the C-3 axial hydroxyl group. On the contrary in 6-deoxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-α-L-sorbofuranose (4a), the synthesis of which has been improved, the quasi-axial hydroxyl group in 4-position is not attacked, but instead under more drastic conditions the hydroxyl group at C-1, the acid 19 being formed. For comparison the ketone 18 was prepared by RuO4 oxidation, which gave on reduction the psico-compound 17a selectively. - Considering these results of the catalytic oxidations an order of reactivity of hydroxyl groups in partially protected ketoses is postulated: prim. 6-OH (furanoses) 〉 5-OHax = 4-OHax ≧ 3-OHax ≧ prim. 1-OH 〉 sek. OH (furanoses).
    Notes: Die katalytische Oxidation von blockierten Ketosen folgt nicht der allgemeinen Regel, daß primäre Hydroxylgruppen in jedem Falle bevorzugt vor sekundären angegriffen werden. So liefert die Oxidation der 2,3-O-Isopropyliden-β-D-fructopyranose (2a) das Keton 5 als Hydrat, allerdings in geringer Ausbeute. Die C-1-Säure 7 ist entgegen den Erwartungen jedoch nicht das Hauptprodukt der Reaktion, sondern die durch Überoxidation an den sekundären Hydroxylgruppen gebildete Dicarbonsäure 6 bzw. deren Folgeprodukte. Die Reduktion des Ketons 5 mit Natriumboranat ergibt stereoselektiv das tagato-Isomere 8, dessen Acetat 8b wahrscheinlich in einer etwas verdrillten B0.4-Konformation vorliegt. - Die Oxidation der 2,7-Anhydro-β-D-allo-2-heptulopyranose (3) gibt ebenfalls unter Angriff auf die axiale sekundäre Hydroxylgruppe an C-3 das Keton 14. Demgegenüber wird in der 6-Desoxy-2,3-O-isopropyliden-α-L-sorbofuranose (4a), dessen Darstellung verbessert werden konnte, die quasi-axiale Hydroxylgruppe an C-4 nicht angegriffen, sondern unter verschärften Bedingungen die primäre Hydroxylgruppe an C-1 unter Bildung der Säure 19. Zu Vergleichszwecken wurde das Keton 18 durch RuO4-Oxidation dargestellt und gab bei der Reduktion selektiv die psico-Verbindung 17a. - Unter Berücksichtigung dieser Ergebnisse wird folgende Reihenfolge der Reaktivität von Hydroxylgruppen in blockierten Ketosen bei der katalytischen Oxidation formuliert: prim. 6-OH (Furanosen)〉5-OHax = 4-OHax ≧ 3-OHax ≧ prim. 1-OH 〉 sek. OH (Furanosen).
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 2063-2070 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Selective Catalytic Oxidations, XXVIII. Catalytic Oxidation of 1.6-Anhydro-α-D-galactofuranose. Preparation of 1.6-Anhydro-β-L-altrofuranose1,6-Anhydro-β-D-glucofuranose (1) and 1,6-anhydro-α-D-galactofuranose (3) were subjected to conditions of catalytic oxidation. Only compound 3 was oxidized at the equatorial 5-hydroxyl group to 1,6-anhydro-β-L-arabino-hexofuranos-5-ulose (4). The ketosugar 4 was reduced stereoselectively with Pd-C/H2 to 1,6-anhydro-β-L-altrofuranose (2). 1.6% of compound 2 was detected in acidic medium in the equilibrium of altrose. The optical rotation of 2 is in good agreement with a calculated value.
    Notes: 1.6-Anhydro-β-D-glucofuranose (1) und 1.6-Anhydro-α-D-galaktofuranose (3) wurden den Bedingungen der katalytischen Oxydation unterworfen, wobei nur 3 an der äquatorialen 5-Hydroxylgruppe zur 1.6-Anhydro-β-L-arabino-hexofuranos-5-ulose (4) oxydiert wurde. Die Ketose 4 konnte stereoselektiv mit Pd-C/H2 zur 1.6-Anhydro-β-L-altrofuranose (2) reduziert werden. Die Anhydroverbindung 2 wurde zu 1.6% im sauren Medium im Gleichgewicht der Altrose nachgewiesen. Die optische Drehung von 2 steht in Übereinstimmung mit einem berechneten Wert.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Selective Catalytic Oxidations, XXXV. Catalytic Oxidation of 2,7-Anhydro-β-Daltro-2-heptulopyranose (“Sedoheptulosan”). Detection of 2,7-Anhydro-β-D-arabino-2,5-heptodiulopyranoseCatalytic oxidation of 2,7-anhydro-β-D-altro-2-heptulopyranose (1) with platinum and oxygen in aqueous solution yields the ketone 2, the axial hydroxyl group on C-5 being preferentially attacked. 2 easily rearranges, partially even during the oxidation, to the thermodynamically more stable compound 3. Chromatographic separation of 2 and 3 could not be achieved, but it was possible to obtain after acetylation of the mixture (2 and 3 9:1) a crystalline hexaacetate. This was identified as the dimeric hemiacetal 4 derived from the ketone 2. Structure elucidation of 4 was possible by analysis of the 270 MHz 1H n.m.r. spectrum and by stereoselective reduction with NaBH4, which gave, besides a small portion of 1, mainly the 2,7-anhydro-β-D-ido-2-heptulopyranose (5a), epimeric at C-5.
    Notes: Bei der katalytischen Oxidation der 2,7-Anhydro-β-D-altro-2-heptulopyranose (1) in wäßriger Lösung mit Sauerstoff am Platinkontakt wird unter Angriff auf die axiale Hydroxylgruppe an C-5 das Keton 2 gebildet, das sich leicht, auch bereits teilweise während der Oxidation, in die thermodynamisch stabilere Verbindung 3 umlagert. Eine chromatographische Trennung von 2 und 3 gelang nicht. Allerdings konnte nach Acetylierung des Gemisches (2 und 3 9:1) ein kristallines Hexaacetat erhalten werden, das als das dimere Halbacetal 4 des Ketons 2 erkannt wurde. Die Strukturaufklärung von 4 gelang durch Analyse des 270-MHz-1H-NMR-Spektrums und durch stereoselektive Reduktion mit NaBH4, die neben etwas 1 vorwiegend die in C-5 epimere 2,7-Anhydro-β-D-ido-2-heptulopyranose (5a) lieferte.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 106 (1973), S. 1668-1677 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Preparation of 2,7-Anhydro-β-D-allo-heptulopyranose Derivatives by Stereoselective Reduction of 2,7-Anhydro-β-D-ribo-2,3-heptodiulopyranosesReduction with NaBH4 of 2,7-anhydro-β-D-ribo-2,3-heptodiulopyranoses 2b, 2a and 2d yields stereoselectively the compounds 3b, 3a, and 3d, respectively, having the allo-configuration. 2a and 2d were prepared by RuO4-oxidation of the corresponding derivatives of 2,7-anhydro-4,5-O-isopropylidene-β-D-allo-heptulopyranose (1a) („isopropylidene sedoheptulosan“). The free 2,7-anhydro-β-D-allo-heptulopyranose (4a) was characterized by means of the derivatives 4b-4d. The unsubstituted heptodiulose 5 crystallizes as the monomeric hydrate.
    Notes: Die Reduktion der 2,7-Anhydro-β-D-ribo-2,3-heptodiulopyranosen 2b, 2a und 2d, von denen die letzteren durch RuO4-Oxidation der entsprechenden Derivate der 2,7-Anhydro-4,5-O-isopropyliden-β-D-altro-heptulopyranose (1a) („Isopropylidensedoheptulosan“) dargestellt werden können, mit NaBH4 liefert stereoselektiv die Verbindungen 3b, 3a und 3d mit allo-Konfiguration. Die freie 2,7-Anhydro-β-D-altro-heptulopyranose (4a) wurde durch die Derivate 4b-4d charakterisiert. Die unsubstituierte Heptodiulose 5 kristallisiert als monomeres Hydrat.
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2008-11-01
    Print ISSN: 0011-183X
    Electronic ISSN: 1435-0653
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Wiley
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2011-05-01
    Print ISSN: 0011-183X
    Electronic ISSN: 1435-0653
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Wiley
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2020-02-26
    Print ISSN: 0002-1962
    Electronic ISSN: 1435-0645
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Wiley
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