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  • 1
    ISSN: 1573-8892
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Metallurgist 43 (1999), S. 348-355 
    ISSN: 1573-8892
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Metal science and heat treatment 33 (1991), S. 677-683 
    ISSN: 1573-8973
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Conclusion Resultant analytic curves (2) and (3) are an accurate mathematical model describing the anisotropy characteristics in steel 03Kh26N6T and their variation during superplastic deformation. In this case, the phenomenological laws governing structural changes are based on fully defined physical notions concerning the diffusion nature of the processes that take place in this case. Analysis of the structural changes in the steel with initial metallographic anisotropy indicates that in designing and calculating processes involving the superplastic deformation of hollow articles formed from sheet blanks, it is necessary to consider the different magnitude of the structural components in the characteristic directions and, accordingly, the different rate of structural changes. This may determine to a significant degree both the quality of the components produced (for example, variations in thickness) and variations in the optimal superplastic-deformation regime. The new quantitative data on steel anisotropy, which were obtained in this study, should be considered in developing mathematical models of the superplastic deformation process, which describe the shape variation of structurally sensitive materials with a high accuracy. It is obvious that to determine the range of optimal temperature-rate coditions of superplasticity, the relationships presented in the study make it possible to assess the activation energy of structural variations and, in turn, to ascertain not only the controlling mechanisms of superplastic deformation but also to solve the temperature problem of selecting the SPD regime.
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2016-07-17
    Description: This is the third installment in a series of papers in which we investigate calibration artefacts. Calibration artefacts (also known as ghosts or spurious sources) are created when we calibrate with an incomplete model. In the first two papers of this series, we developed a mathematical framework which enabled us to study the ghosting mechanism itself. An interesting concomitant of the second paper was that ghosts appear in symmetrical pairs. This could possibly account for spurious symmetrization. Spurious symmetrization refers to the appearance of a spurious source (the antighost) symmetrically opposite an unmodelled source around a modelled source. The analysis in the first two papers indicates that the antighost is usually very faint, in particular, when a large number of antennas are used. This suggests that spurious symmetrization will mainly occur at an almost undetectable flux level. In this paper, we show that phase-only calibration produces an antighost that is N -times (where N denotes the number of antennas in the array) as bright as the one produced by phase and amplitude calibration and that this already bright ghost can be further amplified by the primary beam correction.
    Print ISSN: 0035-8711
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2966
    Topics: Physics
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2015-12-25
    Description: The presence of megaparsec-scale radio haloes in galaxy clusters has already been established by many observations over the last two decades. The emerging explanation for the formation of these giant sources of diffuse synchrotron radio emission is that they trace turbulent regions in the intracluster medium, where particles are trapped and accelerated during cluster mergers. Our current observational knowledge is, however, mainly limited to massive systems. Here we present observations of a sample of 14 mass-selected galaxy clusters, i.e. M 500  〉 4 x 10 14 M , in the Southern hemisphere, aimed to study the occurrence of radio haloes in low-mass clusters and test the correlation between the radio halo power at 1.4 GHz P 1.4 and the cluster mass M 500 . Our observations were performed with the 7-element Karoo Array Telescope at 1.86 GHz. We found three candidates to host diffuse cluster-scale emission and derived upper limits at the level of 0.6–1.9 x 10 24 Watt Hz –1 for ~50 per cent of the clusters in the sample, significantly increasing the number of clusters with radio halo information in the considered mass range. Our results confirm that bright radio haloes in less massive galaxy clusters are statistically rare.
    Print ISSN: 0035-8711
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2966
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2016-06-30
    Description: We have used the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array to image ~100 deg 2 of SDSS Stripe 82 at 1–2 GHz. The survey consists of 1026 snapshot observations of 2.5 min duration, using the hybrid CnB configuration. The survey has good sensitivity to diffuse, low surface brightness structures and extended radio emission, making it highly synergistic with existing 1.4 GHz radio observations of the region. The principal data products are continuum images, with 16  x  10 arcsec resolution, and a catalogue containing 11 782 point and Gaussian components resulting from fits to the thresholded Stokes-I brightness distribution, forming approximately 8948 unique radio sources. The typical effective 1 noise level is 88 μJy beam –1 . Spectral index estimates are included, as derived from the 1 GHz of instantaneous bandwidth. Astrometric and photometric accuracy are in excellent agreement with existing narrowband observations. A large-scale simulation is used to investigate clean bias, which we extend into the spectral domain. Clean bias remains an issue for snapshot surveys with the VLA, affecting our total intensity measurements at the ~1 level. Statistical spectral index measurements are in good agreement with existing measurements derived from matching separate surveys at two frequencies. At flux densities below ~35 the median in-band spectral index measurements begin to exhibit a bias towards flatness that is dependent on both flux density and the intrinsic spectral index. In-band spectral curvature measurements are likely to be unreliable for all but the very brightest components. Image products and catalogues are publicly available via an FTP server.
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    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2966
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2016-08-25
    Description: In radio interferometry, observed visibilities are intrinsically sampled at some interval in time and frequency. Modern interferometers are capable of producing data at very high time and frequency resolution; practical limits on storage and computation costs require that some form of data compression be imposed. The traditional form of compression is a simple averaging of the visibilities over coarser time and frequency bins. This has an undesired side effect: the resulting averaged visibilities ‘decorrelate’, and do so differently depending on the baseline length and averaging interval. This translates into a non-trivial signature in the image domain known as ‘smearing’, which manifests itself as an attenuation in amplitude towards off-centre sources. With the increasing fields of view and/or longer baselines employed in modern and future instruments, the trade-off between data rate and smearing becomes increasingly unfavourable. In this work, we investigate alternative approaches to low-loss data compression. We show that averaging of the visibility data can be treated as a form of convolution by a boxcar-like window function, and that by employing alternative baseline-dependent window functions a more optimal interferometer smearing response may be induced. In particular, we show improved amplitude response over a chosen field of interest, and better attenuation of sources outside the field of interest. The main cost of this technique is a reduction in nominal sensitivity; we investigate the smearing versus sensitivity trade-off, and show that in certain regimes a favourable compromise can be achieved. We show the application of this technique to simulated data from the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) and the European Very-long-baseline interferometry Network (EVN).
    Print ISSN: 0035-8711
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2015-04-05
    Description: Recent developments in optimization theory have extended some traditional algorithms for least-squares optimization of real-valued functions (Gauss–Newton, Levenberg–Marquardt, etc.) into the domain of complex functions of a complex variable. This employs a formalism called the Wirtinger derivative, and derives a full-complex Jacobian counterpart to the conventional real Jacobian. We apply these developments to the problem of radio interferometric gain calibration, and show how the general complex Jacobian formalism, when combined with conventional optimization approaches, yields a whole new family of calibration algorithms, including those for the polarized and direction-dependent gain regime. We further extend the Wirtinger calculus to an operator-based matrix calculus for describing the polarized calibration regime. Using approximate matrix inversion results in computationally efficient implementations; we show that some recently proposed calibration algorithms such as StefCal and peeling can be understood as special cases of this, and place them in the context of the general formalism. Finally, we present an implementation and some applied results of CohJones , another specialized direction-dependent calibration algorithm derived from the formalism.
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2014-03-25
    Description: This work investigates a particular class of artefacts, or ghost sources, in radio interferometric images. Earlier observations with (and simulations of ) the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope suggested that these were due to calibration with incomplete sky models. A theoretical framework is derived that validates this suggestion, and provides predictions of ghost formation in a two-source scenario. The predictions are found to accurately match the result of simulations, and qualitatively reproduce the ghosts previously seen in observational data. The theory also provides explanations for many previously puzzling features of these artefacts (regular geometry, point spread function-like sidelobes, seeming independence on model flux) and shows that the observed phenomenon of flux suppression affecting unmodelled sources is due to the same mechanism. We demonstrate that this ghost formation mechanism is a fundamental feature of calibration, and exhibits a particularly strong and localized signature due to array redundancy. To some extent this mechanism will affect all observations (including those with non-redundant arrays), though in most cases the ghosts remain hidden below the noise or masked by other instrumental artefacts. The implications of such errors on future deep observations are discussed.
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2014-09-17
    Description: We present a study of weak lensing shear measurements for simulated galaxy images at radio wavelengths. We construct a simulation pipeline into which we can input galaxy images of known shapelet ellipticity, and with which we then simulate observations with eMERLIN and the international LOFAR array. The simulations include the effects of the clean algorithm, uv sampling, observing angle and visibility noise, and produce realistic restored images of the galaxies. We apply a shapelet-based shear measurement method to these images and test our ability to recover the true source shapelet ellipticities. We model and deconvolve the effective point spread function, and find suitable parameters for clean and shapelet decomposition of galaxies. We demonstrate that ellipticities can be measured faithfully in these radio simulations, with no evidence of an additive bias and a modest (10 per cent) multiplicative bias on the ellipticity measurements. Our simulation pipeline can be used to test shear measurement procedures and systematics for the next generation of radio telescopes.
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