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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Candidate .gamma.-Secretases in the Generation of the Carboxyl Terminus of the Alzheimer's Disease .beta.A4 Amyloid: Possible Involvement of Cathepsin D (1995)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Biochemistry 34 (1995), S. 14185-14192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-4995
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi00043a024
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A protease activity associated with acetylcholinesterase releases the membrane-bound form of the amyloid protein precursor of Alzheimer's disease (1991)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Biochemistry 30 (1991), S. 10795-10799 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-4995
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi00108a027
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Monetary Policy When the Nominal Short-Term Interest Rate is Zero (2003)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Topics in macroeconomics 3.2003, 1, art12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1534-5998
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In an environment of low inflation, the Federal Reserve faces the possibility that it may not have provided enough monetary stimulus even though it had pushed the short-term nominal interest rate to its lower bound of zero. Assuming the nominal Treasury-bill rate had been lowered to zero, this paper considers whether further open market purchases of Treasury bills could spur aggregate demand through increases in the monetary base. Such action may be stimulative by increasing liquidity for financial intermediaries and households; by affecting expectations of the future paths of short-term interest rates, inflation, and asset prices; through distributional effects; or by stimulating bank lending through the credit channel. This paper also examines the alternative policy tools that are available to the Federal Reserve in theory, and notes the practical limitations imposed by the Federal Reserve Act. The tools the Federal Reserve has at its disposal include open market purchases of Treasury bonds and certain types of private-sector credit instruments; unsterilized and sterilized intervention in foreign exchange; lending through the discount window; and, in some circumstances, may include the use of options.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/bejm/topics/vol3/iss1/art12
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Scope of Monetary Policy Actions Authorized Under the Federal Reserve Act (2005)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Topics in macroeconomics 5.2005, 1, art6 
    Details
    ISSN: 1534-5998
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The Federal Reserve Act authorizes the Federal Reserve to undertake various types of discount window loans and open market operations. While the Federal Reserve generally has not found it necessary to use all types of such authority, there could be circumstances in whichthe Federal Reserve might need to consider utilizing its statutory authority more broadly than it has in the past.We examine the limits imposed by the Federal Reserve Act along two dimensions: those types of counterparties and financial instruments with which the Federal Reserve may conduct monetary policy. In doing so, we develop a theme not commonly pursued in the literature -- the ways and extent to which the Federal Reserve Act limits the Federal Reserve from taking credit risk onto its balance sheet.We also provide some historical perspective on how the current powers of the Federal Reserve came to be authorized.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/bejm/topics/vol5/iss1/art6
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantitative Monetary Easing and Risk in Financial Asset Markets (2006)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Topics in macroeconomics 6.2006, 1, art6 
    Details
    ISSN: 1534-5998
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In this paper, we empirically examine the portfolio-rebalancing effects stemming from the policy of "quantitative monetary easing" recently undertaken by the Bank of Japan when the nominal short-term interest rate was virtually at zero. Portfolio-rebalancing effects resulting from the open market purchase of long-term government bonds under this policy have been statistically significant. Our results also show that the portfolio-rebalancing effects were beneficial in that they reduced risk premiums on assets with counter-cyclical returns, such as government and high-grade corporate bonds. But, they may have generated the adverse effects of increasing risk premiums on assets with pro-cyclical returns, such as equities and low-grade corporate bonds. These results are consistent with a CAPM framework in which business-cycle risk importantly affects risk premiums. Our estimates capture only some of the effects of quantitative easing and thus do not imply that the complete set of effects were adverse on net for Japan's economy. However, our analysis counsels caution in accepting the view that, ceteris paribus, a massive large-scale purchase of long-term government bonds by a central bank provides unambiguously positive net benefits to financial markets at zero short-term interest rates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/bejm/topics/vol6/iss1/art6
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Role of Extracellular Matrix in the Processing of the Amyloid Protein Precursor of Alzheimer's Disease (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 695 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the presence of extracellular amyloid plaques, which contain a protein referred to as the amyloid or βA4 protein. The βA4 protein is derived from a larger precursor protein (APP). Studies of autosomal-dominant forms of AD have established the central role of APP in the pathogenesis of the disease. Despite considerable research, the function of APP is unknown. APP can be processed by at least two separate routes. The first route involves a protease known as “APP secretase,” which cleaves within the amyloid sequence, thereby mitigating amyloid formation. The second route may result in the production of potentially amyloidogenic fragments. Our studies suggest that following release from the cell membrane, APP interacts with components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) such as the heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG's). The interaction of APP with HSPG's may be important for the function of APP. Substratum-bound APP was found to dramatically increase neurite outgrowth and survival of chick sympathetic neurons in vitro. This effect was dependent upon the presence of substratum-bound HSPG. The results suggest that normally, when bound to the ECM, APP functions to promote neurite outgrowth and/or cell survival. Loss of this normal trophic function might occur in AD, when APP is proteolytically processed via the amyloidogenic pathway.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1993.tb23047.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Auxin transport and the regulation of petiole abscission in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.): A comparison of indol-3yl-acetic acid and phenylacetic acid (1990)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 9 (1990), S. 201-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: abscission ; auxin (polar transport) ; Gossypium hirsutum L. ; indol-3yl-acetic acid (IAA) ; phenylacetic acid (PAA)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Distal applications of indol-3yl-acetic acid (IAA) to debladed cotyledonary petioles of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) seedlings greatly delayed petiole abscission, but similar applications of phenylacetic acid (PAA) slightly accelerated abscission compared with untreated controls. Both compounds prevented abscission for at least 91 h when applied directly to the abscission zone at the base of the petiole. The contrasting effects of distal IAA and PAA on abscission were correlated with their polar transport behaviour-[1-14C]IAA underwent typical polar (basipetal) transport through isolated 30 mm petiole segments, but only a weak diffusive movement of [1-14C]PAA occurred. Removal of the shoot tip substantially delayed abscission of subtending debladed cotyledonary petioles. The promotive effect of the shoot tip on petiole abscission could be replaced in decapitated shoots by applications of either IAA or PAA to the cut surface of the stem. Following the application of [1-14C]IAA or [1-14C]PAA to the cut surface of decapitated shoots, only IAA was transported basipetally through the stem. Proximal applications of either compound stimulated the acropetal transport of [14C]sucrose applied to a subtending intact cotyledonary leaf and caused label to accumulate at the shoot tip. However, PAA was considerably less active than IAA in this response. It is concluded that whilst the inhibition of petiole abscission by distal auxin is mediated by effects of auxin in cells of the abscission zone itself, the promotion of abscission by the shoot tip (or by proximal exogenous auxin) is a remote effect which does not require basipetal auxin transport to the abscission zone. Possible mechanisms to explain this indirect effect of proximal auxin on abscission are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00045283
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Promotion of elongation and acid invertase activity in Phaseolus vulgaris L. internode segments by phenylacetic acid (1990)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 9 (1990), S. 329-340 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: acid invertase (EC 3.2.1.26) ; auxin (cell elongation) ; indol-3yl-acetic acid (IAA) ; N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA) ; Phaseolus vulgaris L. ; phenylacetic acid (PAA) ; stem elongation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Phenylacetic acid (PAA) significantly stimulated the elongation of isolated Phaseolus vulgaris internodal segments and prevented the decline in acid invertase specific activity observed in segments incubated in the absence of growth substances. Unlike IAA, which stimulated both elongation and invertase activity over a very wide range of concentrations (〈10-4 - 1 mol.m-3; optimum 10-2 mol.m-3), the response to PAA was restricted to a much narrower range of concentrations (3 × 10-2 - 1 mol.m-3; optimum ca. 1–2 × 10-1mol.m-3). At the optimum concentration of PAA, the stimulation of both responses was about 63–75% of that induced by the optimum concentration of IAA. The differences in the concentration range and magnitude of the responses to IAA and PAA were not due to differences in uptake of the two compounds. The stimulation of elongation by both compounds was prevented by 3.6 × 10-2mol.m-3 cycloheximide (CH), and acid invertase activites were greatly reduced compared with samples treated with growth substances alone. A saturating concentration of the specific auxin efflux carrier inhibitor N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA) slightly promoted the growth of control segments, probably by reducing the loss of residual endogenous auxin to the incubation medium. The elongation induced by PAA at its optimum concentration was considerably greater than the elongation induced by NPA, indicating that PAA did not cause growth by preventing the loss of endogenous auxin from the segments. Elongation responses to combinations of IAA and PAA suggested that the compounds were acting additively and that they were affecting growth by the same mechanism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024918
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression of dimeric and tetrameric acetylcholinesterase isoforms on the surface of cultured bovine adrenal chromaffin cells (1994)
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 55 (1994), S. 398-407 
    Details
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: protein transport ; chromaffin cell ; organophosphorus ; GPI-linked ; phosphatidyl-inositol-specific phospholipase C ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Acetylcholinesterase is a highly polymorphic enzyme, which can be anchored to the cell surface through several different mechanisms. Dimeric (G2) acetylcholinesterase isoforms are attached by a glycosylphosphatidyl-inositol (GPI) linkage, whereas tetrameric (G4) forms are linked through a 20 kilodalton hydrophobic subunit. Although cells of haemopoietic origin contain large amounts of G2 GPI-linked acetylcholinesterase, most tissues express only trace amounts of this isoform. We examined the expression of acetylcholinesterase isoforms in cultured bovine adrenal medullary chromaffin cells. Two major isoforms (G2 and G4) were identified on the cell surface. The G2 isoform, which accounted for approximately half the cell-surface enzyme activity, was linked to the membrane through a GPI anchor. After treatment with diisopropylfluorophosphate to completely inhibit cellular acetylcholinesterase, the G4 isoform was found to be resynthesised and transported to the cell surface more rapidly than the G2 isoform. As the addition of GPI anchors is known to be a very rapid step, this finding suggested that the G2 and G4 isoforms might be transported to the cell surface by two different mechanisms. This conclusion was supported by results from subcellular fractionation experiments. The ratio of G4/G2 membrane-bound acetylcholinesterase varied between different subcellular fractions. The membrane-bound G2 isoform was greatly enriched in a high-speed “microsomal” fraction. G4 acetylcholinesterase is known to be actively secreted by chromaffin cells in culture. Although the G4 isoform was present on the cell surface, most of the secreted enzyme was derived from an intracellular pool. Thus, it is unlikely that the cell-surface G4 isoform contributes significantly to the pool of secreted enzyme. Instead, the expression of two different membrane-bound isoforms may provide a means by which chromaffin cells can target the enzyme to different locations on the cell surface. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcb.240550318
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  • 10
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    Open-shell coupled-cluster valence-bond theory augmented with an independent amplitude approximation for three-pair correlations: Application to a model oxygen-evolving complex and single molecular magnet (2018)
    American Institute of Physics
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-12-28
    Print ISSN: 0021-9606
    Electronic ISSN: 1089-7690
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Published by American Institute of Physics
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