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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE BINDING SITE OF AMINERGIC G PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS: The Transmembrane Segments and Second Extracellular Loop (2002)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 42 (2002), S. 437-467 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In the current chapter, we review approaches to the identification of the residues forming the binding sites for agonists, antagonists, and allosteric modulators in the family of aminergic G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). We then review the structural bases for ligand binding and pharmacological specificity based on the application of these methods to muscarinic cholinergic, adrenergic, dopaminergic, serotonergic, and histaminergic receptors, using the high resolution rhodopsin structure as a template. Furthermore, we propose a critical role of the second extracellular loop in forming the binding site for small molecular weight aminergic ligands, much as this loop dives down into the binding-site crevice and contacts retinal in rhodopsin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.42.091101.144224
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Study on the properties of Sn-added YBCO prepared by the powder melting process (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 76 (1994), S. 2954-2959 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Magnetization and magnetic relaxations have been measured for the YBa2Cu2.985Sn0.015Oy and YBa2Cu3Oy superconductors, which were prepared by the powder melting process method. It is found that the Sn-added sample exhibits much higher Jc value and lower flux creep rate than pure YBCO. The results indicate that the melting temperature can be reduced and the pinning potential can be enhanced by substituting Sn for Cu. The Jc value estimated by Bean's model drops with the magnetic field according to a power law. The dependence of Jc on the reduced temperature and the flux pinning force density behavior is discussed. The dependence on temperature of the maximum demagnetization field Hp and the remanent magnetization Mrem is studied. Finally, we also investigate the microstructure characteristic.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.357535
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Surface phase decomposition in Bi2Sr2CaCu2Oy single crystals (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 4262-4264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Phase decomposition in high-quality Bi2Sr2CaCu2Oy single crystals has been induced by annealing treatments at a temperature over 500 °C. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope studies show that this change of structure is mainly limited in the surface part of the annealed single crystals and the 2201 phase together with a new phase of cell parameter c=9.6 A(ring) segregated from the 2212 phase. The phase decomposition is directly associated with the oxygen content in the annealing atmospheres and evaporation of the Bi is detected and is suggested to be the main factor involving the phase segregation in the annealing process and an important factor for the BiO bilayers in the as-grown single crystals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.354408
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Shannon entropy characteristics of two-phase flow systems (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 85 (1999), S. 7544-7551 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A method to calculate Shannon entropy of two-phase flow systems from the power spectral density of the output signal is introduced in this article. Two series of experiments are made successively. One is used to investigate the density wave instability in a test facility to study the Chinese 200 MW nuclear heating reactor. After studying the Shannon entropy of the inlet pressure drop in all 534 experimental tests under different heating power, inlet subcooling, operating pressure, and inlet orifice resistance, we find that tests with higher negative Shannon entropy (negentropy) are unstable while those with lower negentropy are stable, like energy used in many fields. The other experiment was made to research two-phase flow regimes in vertical pipes. We calculate the time-dependent negentropy of the air–water flow through the power spectral density of the pressure drop. From the results, we find that the negentropy of the bubble flow is the smallest, the slug flow's negentropy is the largest, and the negentropy of the annular flow is between the bubble flow and annular flow. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.370552
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The cytoplasmic kinase domain of PhoR is sufficient for the low phosphate-inducible expression of Pho regulon genes in Bacillus subtilis (1999)
    Oxford BSL : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 31 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: PhoP–PhoR, one of three two-component systems known to be required to regulate the pho regulon in Bacillus subtilis, directly regulates the alkaline phosphatase genes that are used as pho reporters. Biochemical studies showed that B. subtilis PhoR, purified from Escherichia coli, was autophosphorylated in vitro in the presence of ATP. Phosphorylated PhoR showed stability under basic conditions but not acidic conditions, indicating that the phosphorylation probably occurs on a conserved histidine residue. Phospho–PhoR phosphorylated its cognate response regulator, PhoP in vitro. B. subtilis phoR was placed in the Bacillus chromosome under the control of the Pspac promoter, which is IPTG inducible. The wild-type phoR, under either native promoter or Pspac promoter with IPTG induction, resulted in a similar level of alkaline phosphatase production. Under high phosphate conditions, strains containing wild-type phoR, or phoR mutant gene products that lacked either the periplasmic domain, or both N-terminal transmembrane PhoR sequences or various extended N-terminal sequences, showed no significant APase production. Under phosphate starvation conditions, in the presence of IPTG, all strains containing mutated phoR genes showed alkaline phosphatase induction patterns similar to that of the wild-type strain, although the fully induced level was lower in the mutants. The decrease in total alkaline phosphatase production in these mutant strains can be compensated completely or partially by increasing the copy number of the mutant phoR gene. These in vivo results suggest that the C-terminal kinase domain of PhoR is sufficient for the induction of alkaline phosphatase expression under phosphate-limited conditions, and that the regulation for repression of APase under phosphate-replete conditions remains intact.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2958.1999.01163.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multiple origins of Tibetan Y chromosomes (2000)
    Springer
    Human genetics 〈Berlin〉 106 (2000), S. 453-454 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1203
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The genetic origin of Tibetans was investigated using Y chromosome markers. A total of three populations were studied, two from central Tibet speaking central Tibetan and one from Yunnan speaking Kham. Two dominant paternal lineages (〉80%) were identified in all three populations with one possibly from central Asia (YAP+) and the other from east Asia (M122C). We conclude that Tibetan Y chromosomes may have been derived from two different gene pools, given the virtual absence of M122C in central Asia and YAP+ in east Asia, with drift an unlikely mechanism accounting for these observations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004390000259
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis of HFC-134a over CrF3/AlF3 catalysts (1996)
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 41 (1996), S. 221-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: AlF3 supports ; CrF3/AlF3 catalyst ; activity ; reaction conditions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of the structure of AlF3 supports in CrF3/AlF3 catalysts and their activity were studied, and a selection of suitable reaction conditions for fluorination of trichloroethylene and HCFC-133a was made. We found that neither AlF3 (α- and γ-modifications) nor CrF3/α-AlF3 exhibits significant activity for the reaction of HF with CCl2=CHC1 or CF3CH2Cl. However, CrF3/γ-AlF3 exhibits high activity, which increases with increasing surface area and decreasing crystallite size of the γ-AlF3 support, and that dramatically affects the fiuorination of CF3CH2Cl. Investigation of a series of CrF3/γ-AlF3 catalysts shows that the turnover rates per unit of the total surface area and of the free CrF3 surface area significantly increase with increasing content of Cr3+ loading. Optimum temperature for the reaction of HF with CCl2=CHCl is 260°C, while with CF3CH2Cl it is 350°C, with flow ratios HF∶TCE = 6∶1 andHF∶HCFC-133a = 10∶1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00811495
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Study on the crystal and molecular structure of triphenyl tin methacrylate: (C6H5)3SnOCOCCH2CH3 (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 21 (1991), S. 277-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal and molecular structure of (C6H5)3SnOCOCCH2CH3 has been determined by a single crystal X-ray diffraction study. The crystal is monoclinic with space group P21/c,a=11.902(3),b=10.104(4),c=16.721(2) Å,β=97.56(1)°,V=1930.4 Å3,Z=4 andD c =1.495 g/ cm3,F(0,0,0)=872,λ(CuKα)=1.5418 Å. The structure was solved by the heavy-atom method and refined by full-matrix least-squares procedures to anR factor of 0.060 based on 2157 independent reflections. The results showed that the Sn-O bond distance is 2.064(4) Å. The average Sn-C bond distance is 2.126 Å. There is a weak coordination through the O of the CO group of the methacrylate residue (Sn-O(2) 2.774(5) Å) except for four normal coordinations. The coordination number at the Sn4+ is 5.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01156078
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Energy Eigenstates of a Quantum Gate System (2000)
    Springer
    International journal of theoretical physics 39 (2000), S. 1405-1411 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9575
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We report exact solutions of the Poyatos–Cirac–Zoller quantum gate system withtwo trapped ions [Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 1322 (1998)]. It is the superposition ofentangled states among the pure states of two harmonic oscillators and describesa mixed mode involving the center-of-mass and relative motions withcommensurable frequencies. Theoretical analysis of the exact solutions showsthat for a given trapping frequency the relative motion cannot be laser-cooled.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003603323772
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Susceptibility behaviour and specific heat anomaly in single crystals of alanine and valine (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of biological physics 22 (1996), S. 65-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0689
    Keywords: Alanine and valine enantiomers ; Chirality ; Magnetic transition ; Specific heat anomaly
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Magnetization of single crystals ofD-,L-alanine andD-valine were measured as a function of temperature using the SQUID magnetometer. An obvious lambda transition at 270 ± 1 K was shown in the specific heat measurement of alanine and valine enantiomers by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Magnetic transition temperature seems coincident with that of lambda transition. Temperature dependence of the X-ray powder diffraction forD-valine showed no crystal lattice change under the temperature cooling down from 293 K to 123 K. We propose that the difference of theX ∼T curve between theD-alanine andL-alanine is attributable to the variation of intramolecular geometry of chirality density in the presence of an external magnetic field. The chirality characteristics of alanine and valine enantiomers by the specific heat and susceptibility behaviour are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00954455
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