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  • 1
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    Earlier green-up amplifies spring warming over Europe (2016)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-28
    Description: The onset of green-up of plants has advanced in response to climate change. This advance has the potential to affect heat waves via biogeochemical and biophysical processes. Here, a climate model was used to investigate only the biophysical feedbacks of earlier green-up on climate as the biogeochemical feedbacks have been well addressed. Earlier green-up by 5 to 30 days amplifies spring warming in Europe, especially heat waves, but makes few differences to heat waves in summer. This spring warming is most noticeable within 30 days of advanced green-up and is associated with a decrease in low and middle-layer clouds and associated increases of downward short wave and net radiation. We find negligible differences in the southern hemisphere and low latitudes of the northern hemisphere. Our results provide an estimate of the level of skill necessary in phenology models to avoid introducing biases in climate simulations.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 2
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    Local land–atmosphere feedbacks limit irrigation demand (2017)
    Institute of Physics (IOP)
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    Publication Date: 2017-04-28
    Description: Irrigation is known to influence regional climate but most studies forecast and simulate irrigation with offline (i.e. land only) models. Using south eastern Australia as a test bed, we demonstrate that irrigation demand is fundamentally different between land only and land–atmosphere simulations. While irrigation only has a small impact on maximum temperature, the semi-arid environment experiences near surface moistening in coupled simulations over the irrigated regions, a feedback that is prevented in offline simulations. In land only simulations that neglect the local feedbacks, the simulated irrigation demand is 25% higher and the standard deviation of the mean irrigation rate is 60% smaller. These local-scale irrigation-driven feedbacks are not resolved in coarse-resolution climate models implying that use of these tools will overestimate irrigation demand. Future studies of irrigation demand must therefore account for the local land–atmosphere interactions by using coupled...
    Print ISSN: 1748-9318
    Electronic ISSN: 1748-9326
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Institute of Physics (IOP)
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  • 3
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    The impact of an urban canopy and anthropogenic heat fluxes on Sydney's climate (2017)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2017-02-03
    Description: ABSTRACT We use the Weather Research and Forecast model and estimate anthropogenic heat (AH) fluxes based on fine-scale energy consumption data for Sydney, Australia, to investigate the effects of urbanization on temperature. We examine both the impact of urban canopy effects (UCE) and AH which in combination causes the urban heat island effect. Sydney's urban heat island (UHI) varies from −1 to 〉3.4 °C between day and night and between seasons. UHI intensity is highest at night and an urban cool island is often experienced during the day. UCE contributes 80% of the UHI during summer nights because of the release of stored heat from urban infrastructure that has been absorbed during the day. During the day for UCE, the reduced net radiation and greater heat storage by urban infrastructure combine to slightly cool. In contrast, AH contributes 90% of the UHI during winter nights because it does not dissipate into the higher levels of the boundary layer efficiently. The opposite applies during summer nights and during daytime in both summer and winter where heat mixes effectively into the atmosphere. Our results show contrasting impacts of UCE and AH by time of day and time of year and point to major simulation biases if only one of these phenomena is represented, or if their seasonal contributions are not accounted for separately.
    Print ISSN: 0899-8418
    Electronic ISSN: 1097-0088
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley
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  • 4
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    Warming-induced shift towards forbs and grasses and its relation to the carbon sequestration in an alpine meadow (2017)
    Institute of Physics (IOP)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-03-31
    Description: Global warming is often associated with changes in abiotic factors and the community composition across alpine ecosystems. However, the way that an altered community dynamics affects the ecosystem carbon (C) balance remains unclear. A warming experiment was initiated in 2010 to assess the potential impacts of warming-induced changes in the community composition and how these changes affect the C balance in mountain meadows located in the permafrost region of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (China). Under warming conditions, we found an increased importance value (IV) of forbs and grasses of 4.9%, in contrast to the IV of sedges, which decreased by 4.4%. For forbs and grasses, the IV showed positive exponential relationships with gross ecosystem production and ecosystem respiration, while negative correlations were found for sedges. These results indicate that a slight change in the IVs of sedges, grasses and forbs favors C sequestration. Moreover, the warming treatment signific...
    Print ISSN: 1748-9318
    Electronic ISSN: 1748-9326
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Institute of Physics (IOP)
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