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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Artificial spacecraft in hybrid simulations of the quasi-parallel Earth’s bow shock: analysis of time series versus spatial profiles and a separation strategy for Cluster (1994)
    Springer
    Annales geophysicae 12 (1994), S. 591-601 
    Details
    ISSN: 0992-7689
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We construct artificial “software” spacecraft consisting of magnetometers and 3D thermal and energetic ion detectors. Four such spacecraft are “flown” through a 1D simulation of a quasi-parallel shock. We analyze the resulting time series from the spacecraft, and then use the more complete simulational information to evaluate our interpretations based on the limited times series information. The separation strategy used, with two closely spaced spacecraft pairs separated by a large distance, was helpful in the interpretation, since a variety of important processes operate over several different scale lengths. This work highlights the ability to draw inferences about spatially and temporally varying phenomena based on multiple-spacecraft time series data, and suggests that many spacecraft configurations which bear little resemblance to the classic Cluster tetrahedron may be necessary when multiple scale lengths are present.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-994-0591-5
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification of low-frequency kinetic wave modes in the Earth’s ion foreshock (1997)
    Springer
    Annales geophysicae 15 (1997), S. 273-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 0992-7689
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In this work we use ion and magnetic field data from the AMPTE-UKS mission to study the characteristics of low frequency (ωr ≪ Ωp) waves observed upstream of the Earth’s bow shock. We test the application of various plasma-field correlations and magnetic ratios derived from linear Vlasov theory to identify the modes in this region. We evaluate (for a parameter space consistent with the ion foreshock) the Alfvén ratio, the parallel compressibility, the crosshelicity, the noncoplanar ratio, the magnetic compression and the polarization for the two kinetic instabilities that can be generated in the foreshock by the interaction of hot diffuse ions with the solar wind: the left-hand resonant and the right-hand resonant ion beam instabilities. Comparison of these quantities with the observed plasma-field correlations and various magnetic properties of the waves observed during 10 intervals on 30 October 1984, where the waves are associated with diffuse ions, allows us to identify regions with Alfvénic waves and regions where the predominant mode is the right-hand resonant instability. In all the cases the waves are transverse, propagating at angles ≤ 33° and are elliptically polarized. Our results suggest that while the observed Alfvén waves are generated locally by hot diffuse ions, the right-handed waves may result from the superposition of waves generated by two different types of beam distribution (i.e. cold beam and diffuse ions). Even when there was good agreement between the values of observed transport ratios and the values given by the theory, some discrepancies were found. This shows that the observed waves are different from the theoretical modes and that mode identification based only on polarization quantities does not give a complete picture of the waves’ characteristics and can lead to mode identification of waves whose polarization may agree with theoretical predictions even when other properties can diverge from those of the theoretical modes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-997-0273-1
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Low-frequency waves in the Earth’s magnetosheath: present status (1997)
    Springer
    Annales geophysicae 14 (1997), S. 1134-1150 
    Details
    ISSN: 0992-7689
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The terrestrial magnetosheath contains a rich variety of low-frequency (≲ proton gyrofrequency) fluctuations. Kinetic and fluid-like processes at the bow shock, within the magnetosheath plasma, and at the magnetopause all provide sources of wave energy. The dominance of kinetic features such as temperature anisotropies, coupled with the high-β conditions, complicates the wave dispersion and variety of instabilities to the point where mode identification is difficult. We review here the observed fluctuations and attempts to identify the dominant modes, along with the identification tools. Alfvén/ion-cyclotron and mirror modes are generated by T⊥/T‖ 1 temperature anisotropies and dominate when the plasma β is low or high, respectively. Slow modes may also be present within a transition layer close to the subsolar magnetopause, although they are expected to suffer strong damping. All mode identifications are based on linearized theory in a homogeneous plasma and there are clear indications, in both the data and in numerical simulations, that nonlinearity and/or inhomogeneity modify even the most basic aspects of some modes. Additionally, the determination of the wave vector remains an outstanding observational issue which, perhaps, the Cluster mission will overcome.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-996-1134-z
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetics of Chlorophyll Degradation to Pyropheophytin in Vegetables (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 48 (1983), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Pyropheophytins a and b were determined as predominant chlorophyll derivatives in heat processed spinach. Chlorophylls a, b, pheophytins a, b and pyropheophytins a, b were quantitated in fresh, blanched and heat processed spinach at 116, 121 and 126°C. First order degradation rate constants were determined to calculate activation energies of 25.2 and 22.5 Kcal/mole for chlorophylls a and b and 20.7 and 15.7 Kcal/mole for pheophytins a and b, respectively. Based on the results, the suggested mechanism for the decomposition of chlorophyll during heat processing of vegetables is: Chlorophyll 〈inlineGraphic alt="inline image" href="urn:x-wiley:00221147:JFDS1303:JFDS_1303_mu1" location="equation/JFDS_1303_mu1.gif"/〉 Pheophytin 〈inlineGraphic alt="inline image" href="urn:x-wiley:00221147:JFDS1303:JFDS_1303_mu2" location="equation/JFDS_1303_mu2.gif"/〉 Pyropheophytin. Pyropheophytins a and b were major chlorophyll degradation products found in all commercially canned vegetable products surveyed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1983.tb09216.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of Spectrophotometric and HPLC Methods to Quantify Betacyanins (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 46 (1981), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Quantitative data for betacyanins determined by a spectrophotometric method and a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method were compared. Pigment solutions at pH 4.0, 5.0 and 6.0 were heat treated under a nitrogen atmosphere and analyzed for pigment losses at appropriate intervals. Fresh, blanched and canned beets were measured for pigment content by the two methods. Quantitative determinations of pigment in all purified or undegraded samples compared well when analyzed by either method. Discrepancies between results of the two procedures occurred and increased up to 15% with extended heat treatment of the pigment. The differences were: attributed to formation of degradation products or interfering substances. Of the two, the HPLC method is preferred when interfering substances are present.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1981.tb14587.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phase space evolution in linear instabilities (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 1 (1994), S. 3784-3791 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A simple and powerful way to investigate the linear evolution of particle distribution functions in kinetic instabilities in a homogeneous collisionless plasma is presented. The method can be applied to any kind of instability, provided the characteristics (growth rate, frequency, wave vector, and polarization) of the mode are known and can also be used to estimate the amplitude of the waves at the end of the linear phase of growth. Two didactic examples are used to illustrate the versatility of the technique: the Alfvén Ion Cyclotron (AIC) instability, which is electromagnetic, and the Electron Ion Cyclotron (EIC) instability, which is electrostatic. © 1994 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.870852
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE CLUSTER SCIENCE DATA SYSTEM (CSDS) – A NEW APPROACH TO THE DISTRIBUTION OF SCIENTIFIC DATA (1997)
    Springer
    Space science reviews 79 (1997), S. 557-582 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9672
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Cluster is an ESA/NASA four-spacecraft mission designed to study plasma processes in three dimensions using the combined data from eleven instruments on each spacecraft. This mission requires the combination of many measured parameters, and the Cluster community have taken the unprecedented step of establishing a set of high quality data products from all instruments at spin (~ 4 s) resolution which will be produced and distributed throughout the mission lifetime. The Cluster Science Data System (CSDS) is based on a set of eight data centres which are implemented and funded through national programmes. As part of CSDS, a Joint Science Operations Centre (JSOC) has been established to facilitate the commanding of the 44 instruments. It is co-located with the UK data centre at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL), Didcot, United Kingdom. ESA's contribution to CSDS includes the provision of the CSDS User Interface, a dedicated network (CSDSnet) to interconnect the data centres, and the co-ordination of all activities at CSDS level. A wide scientific community wishing to use Cluster data will have differing data rights, experience and means of access. Users will also include those working with data sets from other missions, e.g., Soho, Geotail, Wind, Polar, Interball, and Equator-S. The Cluster Science Data System is primarily designed to support multi-instrument and multi-spacecraft data analysis and it is distributed across six national data centres in Europe, one in the USA, and one in China. CSDSnet will be used to interconnect the European data centres, the Joint Science Operations Centre at Didcot and the spacecraft Operations Control Centre at ESOC in Darmstadt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004958605022
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Particle interactions with Alfvén solitons (1986)
    Springer
    Solar physics 107 (1986), S. 173-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-093X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We compute velocity and the corresponding energy changes due to non-resonant interactions of protons with Alfvén solitons. It is seen that the protons heat in the perpendicular direction but associated with this is a cooling in the parallel direction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00155351
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microinstabilities and models of the solar wind (1981)
    Springer
    Solar physics 74 (1981), S. 179-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-093X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The collision-dominated two-fluid plasma models of the solar wind are shown to become collisionless and subject to microinstabilities at a few solar radii. Assuming that once the plasma is unstable it stays close to marginal stability models of the solar wind are constructed including waves and proton heating. The resulting models have higher velocities and proton temperatures than the collision dominated two fluid models.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00151288
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Book reviews (1993)
    Springer
    Space science reviews 64 (1993), S. 363-371 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9672
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750738
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