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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anaerobic degradation of aniline and dihydroxybenzenes by newly isolated sulfate-reducing bacteria and description of Desulfobacterium anilini (1989)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 152 (1989), S. 556-563 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Aniline ; Catechol ; Resorcinol ; Hydroquinone ; Sulfate-reducing bacteria ; Complete oxidation ; Desulfobacterium anilini
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A new, rod-shaped, Gram-negative, non-sporing sulfate reducer (strain Ani1) was enriched and isolated from marine sediment with aniline as sole electron donor and carbon source. The strain degraded aniline completely to CO2 and NH3 with stoichiometric reduction of sulfate to sulfide. Strain Ani1 also degraded aminobenzoates and further aromatic and aliphatic compounds. The strain grew in sulfide-reduced mineral medium supplemented only with vitamin B12 and thiamine. Cells contained cytochromes, carbon monoxide dehydrogenase, and sulfite reductase P 582, but no desulfoviridin. Strain Ani1 is described as a new species of the genus Desulfobacterium, D. anilini. Marine enrichments with the three dihydroxybenzene isomers led to three different strains of sulfate-reducing bacteria; each of them could grow only with the isomer used for enrichment. Two strains isolated with catechol (strain Cat2) or resorcinol (strain Re10) were studied in detail. Both strains oxidized their substrates completely to CO2 and contained cytochromes, carbon monoxide dehydrogenase, and sulfite reductase P 582. Desulfoviridin was not present. Whereas the rod-shaped catechol oxidizer (strain Cat2) was able to grow on 18 aromatic compounds and several aliphatic substrates, the coccoid resorcinol-degrading bacterium (strain Re10) utilized only resorcinol, 2,4-dihydroxybenzoate and 1,3-cyclohexanedion. These strains could not be affiliated with existing species of sulfate-reducing bacteria. A further coccoid sulfate-reducing bacterium (strain Hy5) was isolated with hydroquinone and identified as a subspecies of Desulfococcus multivorans. Most-probable-number enumerations with catechol, phenol, and resorcinol showed relatively large numbers (104–106 per ml) or aryl compound-degrading sulfate reducers in marine sediment samples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00425486
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anaerobic aniline degradation via reductive deamination of 4-aminobenzoyl-CoA in Desulfobacterium anilini (1991)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 155 (1991), S. 183-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Carboxylation ; 4-Aminobenzoate ; Benzoate ; 4-Aminobenzoyl-CoA synthetase ; 4-Aminobenzoyl-CoA reductase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The initial reactions involved in anaerobic aniline degradation by the sulfate-reducing Desulfobacterium anilini were studied. Experiments for substrate induction indicated the presence of a common pathway for aniline and 4-aminobenzoate, different from that for degradation of 2-aminobenzoate, 2-hydroxybenzoate, 4-hydroxybenzoate, or phenol. Degradation of aniline by dense cell suspensions depended on CO2 whereas 4-aminobenzoate degradation did not. If acetyl-CoA oxidation was inhibited by cyanide, benzoate accumulated during degradation of aniline or 4-aminobenzoate, indicating an initial carboxylation of aniline to 4-aminobenzoate, and further degradation via benzoate of both substrates. Extracts of alinine or 4-aminobenzoategrown cells activated 4-aminobenzoate to 4-aminobenzoyl-CoA in the presence of CoA, ATP and Mg2+. 4-Aminobenzoyl-CoA-synthetase showed a K m for 4-aminobenzoate lower than 10 μM and an activity of 15.8 nmol · min-1 · mg-1. 4-Aminobenzoyl-CoA was reductively deaminated to benzoyl-CoA by cell extracts in the presence of low-potential electron donors such as titanium citrate or cobalt sepulchrate (2.1 nmol · min-1 · mg-1). Lower activities for the reductive deamination were measured with NADH or NADPH. Reductive deamination was also indicated by benzoate accumulation during 4-aminobenzoate degradation in cell suspensions under sulfate limitation. The results provide evidence that aniline is degraded via carboxylation to 4-aminobenzoate, which is activated to 4-aminobenzoyl-CoA and further metabolized by reductive deamination to benzoyl-CoA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00248615
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Degradation of hydroxyhydroquinone by the strictly anaerobic fermenting bacterium Pelobacter massiliensis sp. nov. (1991)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 155 (1991), S. 511-516 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Hydroxyhydroquinone ; Anaerobic degradation ; Pelobacter massiliensis sp. nov. ; Trihydroxybenzenes ; Aromatic compounds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A new rod-shaped, gram-negative, non-sporeforming, strictly anaerobic bacterium (strain HHQ7) was enriched and isolated from marine mud samples with hydroxyhydroquinone (1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene) as sole substrate. Strain HHQ7 fermented hydroxyhydroquinone, pyrogallol (1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene), phloroglucinol (1,3,5-trihydroxybenzene) and gallic acid (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate) to 3 mol acetate (plus 1 mol CO2 in the case of gallic acid) per mol of substrate. Resorcinol accumulated intermediately during growth on hydroxy-hydroquinone. No other aliphatic or aromatic substrates were utilized. Sulfate, sulfite, sulfur, nitrate, and fumarate were not reduced with hydroxyhydroquinone as electron donor. The strain grew in sulfide-reduced mineral medium supplemented with 7 vitamins. The DNA base ratio was 59% G+C. Strain HHQ7 is classified as a new species of the genus Pelobacter, P. massiliensis. Experiments with dense cell suspensions of hydroxyhydroquinone-and pyrogallol-grown cells showed different kinetics of hydroxyhydroquinone and pyrogallol degradation, as well as different patterns of resorcinol accumulation, indicating that these substrates are metabolized by different transhydroxylation reactions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00244971
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anaerobic degradation of 3-aminobenzoate by a newly isolated sulfate reducer and a methanogenic enrichment culture (1992)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 158 (1992), S. 328-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: 3-Aminobenzoate ; Anaerobic degradation ; Sulfate-reducing bacterium ; Methanogenic enrichment culture ; 3-Aminobenzoyl ; CoA synthetase ; 3-Aminobenzoyl-CoA reduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A new rod-shaped, gram-negative, non-sporing sulfate reducer, strain mAB1, was enriched and isolated from marine sediment samples with 3-aminobenzoate as sole electron and carbon source. Strain mAB1 degraded 3-aminobenzoate completely to CO2 and NH3 with stoichiometric reduction of sulfate to sulfide. Cells contained carbon monoxide dehydrogenase, cytochromes, and sulfite reductase P582. Strain mAB1 degraded also benzoate, 4-aminobenzoate, hydroxybenzoates, and some aliphatic compounds. Besides sulfates, also sulfite was reduced with 3-aminobenzoate as electron donor, but not thiosulfate, sulfur, nitrate, or fumarate. The strain grew in sulfide-reduced mineral medium supplemented with 7 vitamins. Strain mAB1 was tentatively affiliated with the genus Desulfobacterium. Experiments with dense cell supsensions showed benzoate accumulation during 3-aminobenzoate degradation under conditions of sulfate limitation or cyanide inhibition. 3-Aminobenzoate was activated to 3-aminobenzoyl-CoA by cell extracts in the presence of ATP, coenzyme A, and Mg2+. Acitivity of 3-aminobenzoyl-CoA synthetase was 16 nmol per min and mg protein, with a KM for 3-aminobenzoate lower than 50 μM. Cell extract of 3-aminobenzoate-grown cells activated also 3-hydroxybenzoate (31.7 nmol per min and mg protein) and benzoate (2.3 nmol per min and mg protein), but not 2-aminobenzoate or 4-aminobenzoate. In the presence of NADH of NADPH, 3-aminobenzoyl-CoA was further metabolized to a not yet identified reduced product. Freshwater enrichments with 3-aminobenzoate in the absence of an extenal electron acceptor led to a stable methanogenic enrichment culture consisting of three types of bacteria. 3-Aminobenzoate was degraded completely to CO2 and stoichiometric amounts of CH4, with intermediary acetate accumulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00245361
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stability of methane oxidation capacity to variations in methane and nutrient concentrations (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology ecology 17 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6941
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract: Uptake rate constants for atmospheric methane consumption by the 4–6 cm depth interval of a forest soil did not change during 4 months incubation in vitro, even though atmospheric methane concentrations were significantly higher than in situ concentrations. Uptake rate constants were also unaffected by continous incubation at a constant methane concentration of 17 ppm for 2 weeks and 170 ppm for 3 weeks. Uptake rates during incubation with 1000 ppm methane increased 176-fold when assayed with 1000 ppm methane and 5.5-fold when assayed with 1.7 ppm methane. These enhancements were lost after subsequent incubation with atmospheric methane. The ratio of methane oxidized to carbon dioxide produced varied from 49–53% at methane concentrations up to 170 ppm. Incorporation of 14C-methane into phospholipids was 0.35% and 0.22% at atmospheric and 170 ppm methane concentrations, respectively, suggesting that patterns of assimilation were independent of methane concentrations. Addition of several carbon substrates (glucose, starch, yeast extract, methanol, ethanol, formate, acetate, malate, or lactate) to soils incubated at 1.7 or 100 ppm methane did not stimulate methane oxidation. Addition of copper, nitrate or a mineral medium also did not affect methane oxidation. However, incubations with 0.2 or 2% oxygen resulted in lower activity than with ambient air. The methane-consuming capacity of soil decreased exponentially with time when starved for methane by continuous incubation with air containing 〈 0.03 ppm methane. After 6.3 days of starvation, the soil lost 50% of its original activity; activity was not recoverable after further incubation with atmospheric methane. Methane uptake by soil was rapidly inhibited by the addition of antibacterial antibiotics (streptomycin, chloro-tetracycline, chloramphenicol, ampicillin) as well as by the eukaryotic antibiotic, cycloheximide. Culture suspensions of Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b showed a similar sensitivity to both types of antibiotics. Cell suspensions of Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b and Methylobacter albus consumed atmospheric methane, but consumption rates decreased continuously over a period of 15 days. In contrast, methane consuuption by soil incubated under the same conditions was temporally stable. However, cell suspensions of both cultures showed higher consumption rates for atmospheric methane when sprayed on sand relative to incubations in liquid media.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.1995.tb00153.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microbiology of flooded rice paddies (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology reviews 24 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6976
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Flooded rice paddies are one of the major biogenic sources of atmospheric methane. Apart from this contribution to the ‘greenhouse’ effect, rice paddy soil represents a suitable model system to study fundamental aspects of microbial ecology, such as diversity, structure, and dynamics of microbial communities as well as structure–function relationships between microbial groups. Flooded rice paddy soil can be considered as a system with three compartments (oxic surface soil, anoxic bulk soil, and rhizosphere) characterized by different physio-chemical conditions. After flooding, oxygen is rapidly depleted in the bulk soil. Anaerobic microorganisms, such as fermentative bacteria and methanogenic archaea, predominate within the microbial community, and thus methane is the final product of anaerobic degradation of organic matter. In the surface soil and the rhizosphere well-defined microscale chemical gradients can be measured. The oxygen profile seems to govern gradients of other electron acceptors (e.g., nitrate, iron(III), and sulfate) and reduced compounds (e.g., ammonium, iron(II), and sulfide). These gradients provide information about the activity and spatial distribution of functional groups of microorganisms. This review presents the current knowledge about the highly complex microbiology of flooded rice paddies. In Section 2 we describe the predominant microbial groups and their function with particular regard to bacterial populations utilizing polysaccharides and simple sugars, and to the methanogenic archaea. Section 3 describes the spatial and temporal development of microscale chemical gradients measured in experimentally defined model systems, including gradients of oxygen and dissolved and solid-phase iron(III) and iron(II). In Section 4, the results of measurements of microscale gradients of oxygen, pH, nitrate–nitrite, and methane in natural rice fields and natural rice soil cores taken to the laboratory will be presented. Finally, perspectives of future research are discussed (Section 5).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6976.2000.tb00563.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Strain FAc12, a dissimilatory iron-reducing member of the Anaeromyxobacter subgroup of Myxococcales (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology ecology 44 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6941
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Dissimilatory iron reduction is of quantitative importance during anaerobic degradation of organic matter in flooded rice field soils. To isolate dissimilatory Fe(III)-reducing microorganisms from rice soil, enrichments were carried out with acetate and ferrihydrite. One of these resulted in the isolation of strain FAc12. This organism grew anaerobically in defined mineral medium with acetate as electron donor and with ferric citrate, ferrihydrite, or nitrate as electron acceptor. Strain FAc12 also grew well aerobically in defined mineral medium with acetate, citrate, glucose, or with complex medium. Comparative sequence analysis of its 16S rRNA gene revealed that strain FAc12 is most closely related to the very recently described Anaeromyxobacter dehalogenans within the order Myxococcales. The overall similarity value between the 16S rRNA gene sequences of strain FAc12 and the type strain of A. dehalogenans (2CP-1) is 99.5%. A. dehalogenans has been reported to be the first facultative anaerobic myxobacterium, while all other members of the Myxococcales were known to be strict aerobes. A. dehalogenans is able to grow by chlororespiration and to utilize nitrate as terminal electron acceptor for growth. Cultivation-independent retrieval of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that rice roots are also colonized by various members of this novel subgroup. This information and the metabolic capacity of strain FAc12 allows the assumption that these organisms are physiologically adapted to environments characterized by spatial and temporal fluctuations between oxic and anoxic conditions, as is typically the case for flooded rice soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0168-6496(03)00048-5
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ferrous iron oxidation by anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria (1993)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 362 (1993), S. 834-836 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Samples of black, reduced sediment stored anoxically in the light had rusty depositions on the glass wall after four weeks without showing development of algae or cyanobacteria. To study this phenomenon in more detail, enrichment cultures were set up under nitrogen gas in butyl ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/362834a0
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of increasing atmospheric methane concentration on ammonium inhibition of soil methane consumption (1994)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 370 (1994), S. 282-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The methane consumption of in situ forest soil was signifi-cantly inhibited by fertilization with ammonium (Fig. 1). Inhibi-tion occurred within 24 h, and persisted unabated during a 12-d assay period. Rapid and persistent (months-years) effects of ammonium additions on methane ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/370282a0
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Localization of iron-reducing activity in paddy soilby profile studies (2000)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 48 (2000), S. 341-365 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: iron reduction ; iron oxidation ; iron(II) and iron(III) depth profiles ; paddy soil ; redox gradients
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Profiles of iron speciations (porewaterFe(II) and Fe(III), solid-phase Fe(II) andFe(III)) have been studied to localize both ironreduction and oxidation in flooded paddy soil. Sulfateand nitrate were determined to analyze interactions ofredox reactions involved in the iron cycle with thoseof the sulfur and nitrogen cycle. The development ofthe iron(II) and iron(III) profiles was observed inmicroscale over a time period of 11 weeks. After 11weeks the profiles were stable and showed lowestconcentrations of solid-phase iron(II) on the soilsurface with increasing concentrations to a soil depthof 10 mm (≈ 100 µmol/cm3). Profilesof iron(III) showed a maximum of iron(III) at a depthof 2 to 4 mm (≈ 100--200 µmol/cm3).Porewater iron(II) concentrations were three orders ofmagnitude lower than extracted iron(II) and indicatedthat most iron(II) was adsorbed to the solid-phase orimmobilized as siderite and vivianite. Diffusive lossof iron from the soil was indicated by iron recovery(0.3 µmol gdw−1) in the flooding water after12 weeks. The organic content of the soil influencedthe concentrations of solid-phase iron(II) in deepersoil layers (〉 6 mm); higher Fe(II) concentrationsin soil with limiting amounts of electron donors mayindicate lower consumption of CO2 by methanogenicbacteria and therefore a higher sideriteprecipitation. Soil planted with rice showed similariron(II) profiles of fresh paddy soil cores. However,maximal iron(III) concentrations (≈ 350µmol/cm3) were present in planted soil at adepth of 1 to 2.5 mm where oxygen is provided by a matof fine roots. Sulfate and nitrate concentrations inthe porewater were highest on the soil surface (10µM NO3 −, 40 µM SO4 2−) anddecreased with depth. Similar profiles were detectedfor malate, acetate, lactate, and propionate, theconcentrations decreased gradually from the surface toa depth of 4 mm. Profiles of oxygen showed highestconcentrations at the surface due to photosyntheticproduction and a depletion of oxygen below 3 mm depth.Methane production rates measured from soil layersincubated separately in closed vessels were zero atthe soil surface and increased with depth. In soildepths below 4 mm where iron(III) concentrationsdecreased higher methane production rates werefound.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006252315427
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