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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mutants of Alcaligenes eutrophus defective in autotrophic metabolism (1978)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 117 (1978), S. 123-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Hydrogenase ; Regulation ; CO2-effect ; H2-effect ; Mixotrophy ; Reverse electron flow ; Alcaligenes eutrophus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Forty-four mutants of Alcaligenes eutrophus H 16 were isolated which grew poorly or not at all under autotrophic conditions. Four types were characterized with respect to their defects and their physiological properties. One mutant lacked both enzymes specific for autotrophic CO2 fixation, another one lacked both hydrogenases, and two mutants lacked either the membrane-bound or the soluble hydrogenase. Comparing the results of studies on these mutant types, the following conclusions were drawn: the lack of each hydrogenase enzyme could be partially compensated by the other one; the lack of membrane-bound hydrogenase did not affect autotrophic growth, whereas the lack of the soluble hydrogenase resulted in a decreased autotrophic growth rate. When pyruvate as well as hydrogen were supplied to the wild-type, the cell yield was higher than in the presence of pyruvate alone. Mutant experiments under these conditions indicated that either of both hydrogenases was able to add to the energy supply of the cell. Only the soluble hydrogenase was involved in the control of the rate of hydrogen oxidation by carbon dioxide; the mutant lacking this enzyme did not respond to the presence or absence of CO2. The suppression of growth on fructose by hydrogen could be mediated by either of both hydrogenases alone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00402299
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxidation of primary aliphatic alcohols by Acetobacterium carbinolicum sp. nov., a homoacetogenic anaerobe (1984)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 140 (1984), S. 147-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Acetobacterium carbinolicum species description ; Homoacetogenic fermentations ; Incomplete oxidation ; Anaerobic degradation ; Alcohol oxidation ; Diols ; Syntrophy ; Interspecies hydrogen transfer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Four strains of new homoacetogenic bacteria were enriched and isolated from freshwater sediments and sludge with ethanol, propanol, 1,2-propanediol, or 1,2-butanediol as substrates. All strains were Gram-positive nonsporeforming rods and grew well in carbonate-buffered defined media under obligately anaerobic conditions. Optimal growth occurred at 27° C around pH 7.0. H2/CO2, primary aliphatic alcohols C3−C5, glucose, fructose, lactate, pyruvate, ethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol, 2,3-butanediol, acetoin, glycerol, and methyl groups of methoxylated benzoate derivates and betaine were fermented to acetate or, in case of primary alcohols C3−C5 and 1,2-propanediol, to acetate and the respective fatty acid. In coculture with methanogens methane was formed, probably due to interspecies hydrogen transfer. Strain WoProp 1 is described as a new species, Acetobacterium carbinolicum. It had a DNA base composition of 38.5±1.0% guanine plus cytosine, and contained murein of crosslinkage type B similar to A. woodii.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00454917
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anaerobic degradation of isovalerate by a defined methanogenic coculture (1986)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 144 (1986), S. 291-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Syntrophic degradation ; Methanogenesis ; Fatty acid oxidation ; Isovalerate ; Energy metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Isovalerate-oxidizing strictly aneerobic bacteria were isolated from marine sediment and sewage sludge in coculture with Desulfovibrio sp. Cells stained Gram positive and behaved Gram positive also in Gram classification with KOH. Isovalerate degradation depended on interspecies hydrogen transfer to syntrophic hydrogen-oxidizing sulfate reducers or methanogens. Isovalerate was the only substrate utilized and was fermented to 3 mol acetate and 1 mol hydrogen per mol substrate. The degradation pathway was studied by enzyme assays in crude cell extracts, and included acetyl-CoA dependent activation of isovalerate, oxidation to methylcrotonyl-CoA and carboxylation to methylgluta-conyl-CoA which is hydrated and cleaved to acetoacetate and acetyl-CoA. Studies with inhibitors and ionophores suggest that energy conservation with this organism depends on either acetate efflux-driven proton symport or on an ion-gradient driven carboxylation mechanism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00410965
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Metabolic pathways and energetics of the acetone-oxidizing, sulfate-reducing bacterium, Desulfobacterium cetonicum (1995)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 163 (1995), S. 188-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Anaerobic degradation ; Acetone ; Carboxylation ; Energetics ; Sulfate-reducing bacterium ; Desulfobacterium cetonicum ; Citric acid cycle ; Glyoxylate cycle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Acetone degradation by cell suspensions of Desulfobacterium cetonicum was CO2-dependent, indicating initiation by a carboxylation reaction. Degradation of butyrate was not CO2-dependent, and acetate accumulated at a ratio of 1 mol acetate per mol butyrate degraded. In cultures grown on acetone, no CoA transfer apparently occurred, and no acetate accumulated in the medium. No CoA-ligase activities were detected in cell-free crude extracts. This suggested that the carboxylation of acetone to acetoacetate, and its activation to acetoacetyl-CoA may occur without the formation of free acetoacetate. Acetoacetyl-CoA was thiolytically cleaved to two acetyl-CoA, which were oxidized to CO2 via the acetyl-CoA/carbon monoxide dehydrogenase pathway. The measured intracellular acyl-CoA ester concentrations allowed the calculation of the free energy changes involved in the conversion of acetone to acetyl-CoA. At in vivo concentrations of reactants and products, the initial steps (carboxylation and activation) must be energy-driven, either by direct coupling to ATP, or coupling to transmembrane gradients. The ΔG′ of acetone conversion to two acetyl-CoA at the expense of the energetic equivalent of one ATP was calculated to lie very close to 0kJ (mol acetone)-1. Assimilatory metabolism was by an incomplete citric acid cycle, lacking an activity oxidatively decarboxylating 2-oxoglutarate. The low specific activities of this cycle suggested its probable function in anabolic metabolism. Succinate and glyoxylate were formed from isocitrate by isocitrate lyase. Glyoxylate thus formed was condensed with acetyl-CoA to form malate, functioning as an anaplerotic sequence. A glyoxylate cycle thus operates in this strictly anaerobic bacterium. Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxykinase formed PEP from oxaloacetate. No pyruvate kinase activity was detected. PEP presumably served as a precursor for polyglucose formation and other biosyntheses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00305352
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anaerobic degradation of acetone by Desulfococcus biacutus spec. nov. (1990)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 154 (1990), S. 355-361 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Acetone ; Acetoacetate ; Carboxylation ; Sulfate reduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract From anaerobic digestor sludge of a waste water treatment plant, a gram-negative, strictly anaerobic sulfate-reducing bacterium was isolated with acetone as sole organic substrate. The bacterium was characterized as a new species, Desulfococcus biacutus. The strain grew with acetone with doubling times of 72 h to 120 h; the growth yield was 12.0 (±2.1) g · [mol acetone]-1. Acetone was oxidized completely, and no isopropanol was formed. In labelling studies with 14CO2, cell lipids (including approx. 50% PHB) of acetone-grown cells became labelled 7 times as high as those of 3-hydroxy-buyrate-grown cells. Enzyme studies indicated that acetone was degraded via acetoacetyl-CoA, and that acetone was channeled into the intermediary metabolism after condensation with carbon dioxide to a C4-compound, possibly free acetoacetate. Acetoacetyl-CoA is cleaved by a thiolase reaction to acetyl-CoA which is completely oxidized through the carbon monoxide dehydrogenase pathway. Strain KMRActS was deposited with the Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen, Braunschweig, under the number DSM 5651.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00276531
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A complete citric acid cycle in assimilatory metabolism of Pelobacter acidigallici, a strictly anaerobic, fermenting bacterium (1990)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 154 (1990), S. 394-399 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Trihydroxygenzenes ; Anabolism ; Anaerobic citric acid cycle ; Succinyl-CoA: acetoacetate CoA transferase ; Phylogeny ; Gram-negative bacteria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Pelobacter acidigallici is a strictly anaerobic bacterium that ferments trihydroxybenzenes to 3 mol acetate/mol substrate. The key intermediate linking the catabolic sequences to the formation of cell matter is acetyl-CoA. Since P. acidigallici is independent of further external electron donors, it must oxidize part of the acetyl-CoA to provide reducing equivalents for anabolism. In this study we demonstrate the presence of all enzymes necessary to operate a modified citric acid cycle, with activities sufficient to support growth. Unusual enzymes in the cycle are 2-oxoglutarate synthase and succinyl-CoA: acetoacetate CoA transferase. Anaplerotic reactions are catalyzed by pyruvate synthase, PEP synthetase and PEP carboxylase. No CO dehydrogenase, hydrogenase, or formate dehydrogenase activity could be detected. The phylogenetic implications of these findings with respect to the relatedness of P. acidigallici to gramnegative, sulfur-reducing bacteria by 16 S rRNA cataloguing are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00276537
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sporomusa malonica sp. nov., a homoacetogenic bacterium growing by decarboxylation of malonate or succinate (1989)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 151 (1989), S. 421-426 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Sporomusa malonica sp. nov. ; Gram-negative sporeformer ; Homoacetogenesis ; Malonic acid decarboxylation ; Bioenergetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A new strictly anaerobic bacterium was isolated from an enrichment culture with glutarate as sole substrate and freshwater sediment as inoculum, however, glutarate was not metabolized by the pure culture. The isolate was a mesophilic, spore-forming, Gram-negative, motile curved rod. It fermented various organic acids, alcohols, fructose, acetoin, and H2/CO2 to acetate, usually as the only product. Other acids were fermented to acetate and propionate or acetate and butyrate. Succinate and malonate were decarboxylated to propionate or acetate, respectively, and served as sole sources of carbon and energy for growth. No inorganic electron acceptors except CO2 were reduced. Yeast extract (0.05% w/v) was required for growth. Small amounts of cytochrome b were detected in membrane fractions. The guanine-plus-cytosine content of the DNA was 44.1±2 mol%. The isolate is described as a new species of the genus Sporomusa, S. malonica.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00416601
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Malonomonas rubra gen. nov. sp. nov., a microaerotolerant anaerobic bacterium growing by decarboxylation of malonate (1989)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 151 (1989), S. 427-433 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Malonomonas rubra species description ; Malonic acid decarboxylation ; Fumarate reduction ; Bioenergetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract From anoxic marine sediment samples, new anaerobic, microaerotolerant, Gram-negative, non-sporeforming bacteria were isolated which grew in mineral medium with malonate as sole source of carbon and energy. Cells were motile thin rods, often forming large aggregates. Malonate was decarboxylated to acetate with concomitant growth yields of 1.9–2.1 g dry cell matter per mol malonate degraded. Fumarate and malate were fermented to succinate and CO2. No other substrates were used. No inorganic electron acceptors were reduced. At least 150 mM NaCl was required for growth with either substrate. High amounts of a periplasmic cytochrome c were detected, as well as small amounts of a membrane-bound cytochrome b. All enzymes of the citric acid cycle were found to be present. The DNA base ratio was 48.3 mol% guanine plus cytosine. Since this new bacterium cannot be affiliated with any of the known genera and species, a new genus and species, Malonomonas rubra is proposed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00416602
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Propionate acts as carboxylic group acceptor in aspartate fermentation by Propionibacterium freudenreichii (1990)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 155 (1990), S. 46-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Aspartate fermentation ; Transcarboxylase ; Decarboxylases ; Anaerobic cocultures ; Propionate fermentation ; Succinate fermentation ; Propionibacterium freudenreichii
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cells of Propionibacterium freudenreichii ssp. shermanii and ssp. freudenreichii did not show significant growth or product formation in a mineral medium with 10 mM aspartate or 10 mM fumarate, vitamins, and a small amount (0.05% w/v) of yeast extract. In the presence of added propionate, growth with aspartate or fumarate was possible, and depended strictly on the amount of propionate provided, according to the equation: 3 aspartate + propionate → 3 succinate + acetate + CO2+3 NH3. Cocultures of P. freudenreichii with the succinate-decarboxylating strain Ft2 converted 3 aspartate stoichiometrically to acetate and 2 propionate. High activity of methylmalonyl-CoA: pyruvate transcarboxylase, and lack of methylmalonyl-CoA decarboxylase and oxaloacetate decarboxylase activity in cell-free extracts of aspartate-grown cells indicated that failure to use aspartate as sole substrate was due to the inability of these strains to catalyze a net decarboxylation of C4-dicarboxylic acids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00291273
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Slostridium homopropionicum sp. nov., a new strict anaerobe growing with 2-, 3-, or 4-hydroxybutyrate (1990)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 154 (1990), S. 342-348 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Clostridium homopropionicum sp. nov. ; Clostridium propionicum ; α-Dehydration ; γ-Dehydration ; Butyrate fermentation ; Propionate fermentation ; Bioenergetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract From anoxic sewage sludge a new strictly anaerobic, spore-forming bacterium was isolated with 2-hydroxybutyrate as sole substrate. 2-, 3-, and 4-hydroxybutyrate, 4-chlorobutyrate, crotonate, vinylacetate, and pyruvate were fermented to acetate and butyrate. Fructose was converted to acetate, butyrate, butanol, and H2. Lactate and acrylate were fermented to acetate and propionate. Cells pregrown with lactate fermented 2-hydroxybutyrate to butyrate, propionate and acetate. No inorganic electron acceptors were reduced. The DNA base ratio was 32.0±1.0 mol % and was similar to that of Clostridium propionicum, which was determined to be 35.3±0.5 mol %. Strain LuHBu1 is described as type strain of a new species, Clostridium homopropionicum sp. nov. Another isolate obtained from marine sediment degraded 2-and 3-hydroxybutyrate to acetate and butyrate and was in some respects similar to the known species Ilyobacter polytropus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00276529
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