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  • 1
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: The objective of the present study was to investigate the interactive effects of elevated [CO2] and soil nutrient availability on secondary xylem structure and chemical composition of 41-year-old Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) trees. The nonfertilized and irrigated-fertilized trees were, for 3 years, continuously exposed to elevated [CO2] in whole-tree chambers. Elevated [CO2] decreased concentrations of soluble sugars, acid-soluble lignin and nitrogen in stem wood, but the effects were not consistent between sampling height and/or fertilization. The effect of 2*ambient [CO2] on wood structure depended on the exposure year and/or fertilization. Radial lumen diameter decreased and annual ring width increased in the second year of exposure (1999) in elevated [CO2]. In the latter, the CO2 effect was significant only in the nonfertilized trees. Stem wood chemistry and structure were significantly affected by fertilization. Fertilization increased the concentrations of nitrogen and gravimetric lignin, annual ring width, and radial lumen diameter. Fertilization decreased C/N ratio, mean ring density, earlywood density, latewood density, cell wall thickness, cell wall index, and latewood percentage. We conclude that elevated [CO2] had only minor effects on wood properties while fertilization had more marked effects and thus may affect ecosystem processes and suitability of wood for different end-use purposes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: The aim of this study was to examine the effects of elevated carbon dioxide [CO2] and ozone [O3] and their interaction on wood chemistry and anatomy of five clones of 3-year-old trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.). Wood chemistry was studied also on paper birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.) and sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) seedling-origin saplings of the same age. Material for the study was collected from the Aspen Free-Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) experiment in Rhinelander, WI, USA, where the saplings had been exposed to four treatments: control (C; ambient CO2, ambient O3), elevated CO2 (560 ppm during daylight hours), elevated O3 (1.5 × ambient during daylight hours) and their combination (CO2+O3) for three growing seasons (1998–2000). Wood chemistry responses to the elevated CO2 and O3 treatments differed between species. Aspen was most responsive, while maple was the least responsive of the three tree species. Aspen genotype affected the responses of wood chemistry and, to some extent, wood structure to the treatments. The lignin concentration increased under elevated O3 in four clones of aspen and in birch. However, elevated CO2 ameliorated the effect. In two aspen clones, nitrogen in wood samples decreased under combined exposure to CO2 and O3. Soluble sugar concentration in one aspen clone and starch concentration in two clones were increased by elevated CO2. In aspen wood, α-cellulose concentration changed under elevated CO2, decreasing under ambient O3 and slightly increasing under elevated O3. Hemicellulose concentration in birch was decreased by elevated CO2 and increased by elevated O3. In aspen, elevated O3 induced statistically significant reductions in distance from the pith to the bark and vessel lumen diameter, as well as increased wall thickness and wall percentage, and in one clone, decreased fibre lumen diameter. Our results show that juvenile wood properties of broadleaves, depending on species and genotype, were altered by atmospheric gas concentrations predicted for the year 2050 and that CO2 ameliorates some adverse effects of elevated O3 on wood chemistry.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Trees 2 (1988), S. 180-187 
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Glycolipids ; Pinus sylvestris ; Plastids ; Ray parenchyma cells ; Wood
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of plastids in xylem ray parenchyma cells of Pinus sylvestris L. was studied and compared with the glycolipid composition of the stemwood. Seasonal changes of the ultrastructure were studied by taking samples regularly throughout the year. The plastids resemble amyloplasts. They usually have one large starch grain, and considerable variation in structure and starch content was observed, especially in the innermost sapwood and in the sapwood-heartwood transition zone. Electron-dense deposits were observed attached to the plastid membranes and envelopes, especially in the transition zone, from April to November. The plastids were aggregated near the nucleus and the starch disappeared during the winter (January–March). The glycolipids, monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and di-galactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG), were present only in the sapwood, in trace amounts. The glycolipid content was slightly greater in the outer sapwood than in the sapwood-heartwood transition zone. DGDG was the dominant lipid of the two.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Trees 3 (1989), S. 138-143 
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Heartwood ; Pinus sylvestris ; Sapwood ; Soluble carbohydrates ; Starch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The amounts of glucose, fructose, sucrose, arabinose/galactose, raffinose/stachyose and starch were investigated in the outer sapwood, innermost sapwood, transition zone and heartwood of four stems of Pinus sylvestris L. The samples were taken in October and the determination of the compounds was done enzymatically. It was not possible to distinguish arabinose from galactose and raffinose from stachyose. The amounts of glucose, fructose and sucrose were greatest in the outer sapwood and decreased gradually towards the innermost sapwood and the heartwood. In the outermost heartwood glucose, fructose and sucrose were only present in trace amounts. Raffinose/stachyose showed highest concentrations in the outer sapwood and decreased towards the heartwood. In contrast, the concentrations of arabinose/galactose increased towards the heartwood and the greatest amount was found in the inner heartwood. When identified by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), arabinose was found to be present in greater amounts than galactose. The amount of starch decreased markedly towards heartwood. However, the amounts of sugars in all the studied stems was very variable. The changes in the amounts of carbohydrates in the different zones of the stems and the possible relationships of these phenomena with heartwood formation are discussed.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Trees 1 (1987), S. 139-144 
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Fatty acids ; Heartwood ; Pinus sylvestris ; Sapwood ; Seasonal variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The lipid levels and fatty acid composition of three fractions (free fatty acids, triacylglycerols and sterol/triterpenoid esters) extracted from the sapwood and heartwood of three stems of Pinus sylvestris were determined to investigate both seasonal changes in sapwood and possible metabolic changes related to heartwood formation. Seasonal changes were observed only in the amount of the free fatty acids in the sapwood: the level of free fatty acids was greatest at the beginning and end of the growing season. In the January and March samples the amount of the free fatty acid fraction in the sapwood was very small. The amount of the other fractions remained at the same level throughout the study. Marked seasonal changes in the fatty acid composition occurred only in the free fatty acid fraction of the sapwood: the saturation grade increased during the winter.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Acylated steryl glycosides ; Heartwood ; Pinus sylvestris ; Sapwood ; Sterylglycosides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The amounts of steryl glycosides (SG) and acylated steryl glycosides (ASG) were investigated in the sapwood, transition zone, inner heartwood and outer heartwood ofPinus sylvestris L. Only traces of both sterol derivates were present and their amounts decreased slightly towards the heartwood. The amount of SG decreased nearly to zero in the inner heartwood but the amount of ASG in the inner heartwood increased slightly. The suitability of enzymatic methods in SG and ASG hydrolysis, and sterol and glucose quantitative determinations, is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Heartwood formation ; Pinus sylvestris ; Sapwood ; Steryl esters ; Triacylglycerols
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Variation in the amount of triacylglycerols and steryl esters was analysed enzymatically in the outer sapwood of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). Increment borings were taken at breast height from 40 stems of different diameter. Wood samples from outer sapwood (10 mm from the cambium) were extracted with acetone. Triacylglycerols and steryl esters were separated on TLC and the levels of glycerol and sterol were analysed enzymatically. The average amount of triacylglycerols and steryl esters was approximately 25 and 0.83 mg/g dry weight, respectively. However, variation between the stems studied was fairly large. The sapwood of young and small-diameter stems was not found to store larger amounts of either triacylglycerols or steryl esters than the sapwood of old stems. Neither was there any relationship between the amount of triacylglycerols and steryl esters in the outer sapwood. The possible role of these compounds in heartwood formation is discussed.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1611-4663
    Keywords: Microfibril angle ; Wide angle X-ray scattering ; Small-angle X-ray scattering ; Wood cellulose ; Picea abies (L.) Karst
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The structure of cellulose, especially the microfibril angles (MFAs), in compression wood of Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] was studied by wide- and small-angle X-ray scattering and polarizing microscopy. On the basis of the X-ray scattering experiments the average MF As of the cell wall layers S2 and S1 of the studied sample are 39
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2005-07-01
    Description: The effect of thinning intensity on growth and wood density in Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) was investigated in two long-term thinning experiments in southeastern Finland. The stands were approaching maturity, and their development had already been studied for 30 years. The intensities of thinning were low, normal, and high (i.e., the stand basal area after the thinning was, on average, 40, 27, and 24 m2·ha1, respectively, in Heinola, and 30, 28, and 17 m2·ha1 in Punkaharju, respectively). Compared with the low thinning intensity, the normal and high thinning intensities increased the basal-area increment of individual trees by 52% and 68%, respectively. Normal and high thinning intensities resulted in a relatively small reduction (1%4%) of mean ring density compared with low thinning intensity. The random variation in wood density between and within trees was large. About 27% of the total variation in wood density was related to variation between rings. Our results indicate that the prevailing thinning intensities in Norway spruce stands in Fennoscandia cause no marked changes in wood density. At least, the possible reduction in wood density is low compared with the increase in individual tree growth.
    Print ISSN: 0045-5067
    Electronic ISSN: 1208-6037
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2002-03-01
    Description: Three-year old Betula pendula Roth clones were grown at two nutrient levels in a field experiment to investigate the responses and recovery in growth and wood properties to a range of defoliation levels (0100%). No general threshold value of defoliation level for negative effects in growth was found, since the sensitivity of saplings to defoliation varied according to plant traits studied. However, responses were related to defoliation intensity. Saplings compensated for 25% defoliation in terms of height growth and number of current branches and were able to tolerate 50% defoliation without effects on diameter growth 1 year after the defoliation. Nutrient availability was significant only in determining how total biomass responded to defoliation. Fertilized saplings were able to tolerate 25% defoliation without reduction in total biomass, but nonfertilized saplings were not. The interaction between defoliation and fertilization disappeared in the second growing season after the defoliation. Saplings were not able to compensate for 75% defoliation in terms of total biomass or for 100% defoliation in terms of growth and branching even in 2 years' recovery time. In stemwood, complete defoliation reduced growth ring width and vessel diameter simultaneously and also induced a narrow zone of secondary xylem with defects. Our results suggest that defoliation level and recovery time played a crucial role in compensatory growth of birch saplings, while nutrient availability had a minor role.
    Print ISSN: 0045-5067
    Electronic ISSN: 1208-6037
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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