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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Industrial and engineering chemistry 25 (1986), S. 676-680 
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of inclusion phenomena and macrocyclic chemistry 3 (1985), S. 379-387 
    ISSN: 1573-1111
    Keywords: Montmorillonite ; intercalation ; heterogeneous catalysis ; dibenzoyl peroxide ; 4,4′-diamino-trans-stilbene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The decomposition of DBP was studied in the presence of DTS in an ethanolic homogeneous solution and with DTS intercalated in montmorillonite clay mineral as a heterogeneous reaction. The kinetic parameters obtained from the two systems were monitored and indicated that the homogeneous system follows second order reaction kinetics for DBP, whereas the heterogeneous one follows a three-halves order. The heterogeneous system was found to possess higher catalytic efficiency and the reaction was shown to take place within the internal surfaces of the clay mineral. This was attributed to the great surface area of the catalyst, Lewis and Brönsted acid sites and its great ability to sorb the polar organic species.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of inclusion phenomena and macrocyclic chemistry 4 (1986), S. 185-189 
    ISSN: 1573-1111
    Keywords: Montmorillonite ; heterogeneous catalysis ; alcohol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The heterogeneous catalytic conversion ofn-pentanol to dialkylether was carried out using untreated cation-exchanged montmorillonites and using samples which had been preheated at 300°C in an atmosphere of air, hydrogen or nitrogen. The catalyst has been characterized by applying thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction and cation exchange capacity tests. Gas-chromatographic analysis of the products showed that the catalytic reactivity of the exchanged montmorillonite is related to the cation radius. The catalytic conversion ofn-pentanol by organometallic complexes of either Al3+/Fe3+-montmorillonites with benzidine has been doubled compared with the catalytic conversion in the absence of benzidine. This may be attributed to the catalytic effect of benzidinium mono- or di-radical cations that enhance the conversion ofn-pentanol to alkene.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 32 (1987), S. 1511-1519 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Strukturelle Veränderungen von merzerisierter Baumwolle in Natriumhydroxid oder flüssigem Ammoniak wurden durch Bestimmung des Polymerisationsgrades, des Sorptionsverhältnisses und der röntgen-Kristallinität verfolgt. Die differentialthermoanalytisch und thermogravimetrisch bestimmte thermische Stabilität der merzerisierten Baumwollen wird verglichen. Eine Verminderung der Kristallinität hat eine Abnahme der Temperaturen zur Folge, bei der die Hauptzersetzungsreaktion einsetzt bzw. mit maximaler Geschwindigkeit verläuft. Es wurde ebenfalls festgestellt, daß die Temperatur, bei der der Hauptgewichtsverlust einsetzt, in der Reihenfolge Cellulose III-Cellulose II-Cellulose I ansteigt. Proben in der Kristallform Cellulose III sind thermisch weniger stabil als die in der Celluloseform I und II. Baumwollcellulose II ergab geringere Ausbeuten an Levoglucosan als Baumwollcellulose I oder III.
    Abstract: Резюме Исследование структ урных изменений хлоп ка, обработанного раств ором едкого натра или жидкого амм иака, было проведено п утем определения степени полимеризации, показателя сорбции и процента кристаллич ности, определенного рентг енофазовым анализом. Методом ДТА и ТГ изуче на термоустойчивост ь различных образцов мерсеризов анного хлопка. Установлено, что умен ьшение кристаллично сти вызывает более низкое начало т емпературного пика основной реакци и разложения. Найдено, что температуры начала о сновной потери веса располагаются в ряд: ц еллюлоза III, целлюлоза II и целлюлоза I. Установле но, что образцы в кристаллической фор ме целлюлозы III менне термоустойчивы, чем в целлюлозе I и II. Хлопковая целлюлоза II дает болле низкий вых од левоглюкозана, чем хл опковая целлюлоза 1 или III.
    Notes: Abstract Examinations of the structural changes of mercerized cottons in sodium hydroxide or liquid ammonia were followed by determination of the degree of polymerization, sorption ratio and X-ray percentage crystallinity. Comparisons were made of the thermal stability, as indicated by differential thermal analysis and thermogravimetric analysis of the mercerized cottons. A decrease in the percentage crystallinity was found to lower then onset and peak temperatures of the major decomposition reaction. It was also found that the temperature where the major weight loss began increased in the sequence: cellulose III, cellulose II, and cellulose I. Samples in cellulose III crystals form were less thermally stable than samples of cellulose I and cellulose II. It will be noted however that the difference between cellulose II and cellulose III was small. Cotton cellulose II gave a lower yield of levoglucosan than either cotton cellulose I or II.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Verschiedene Proben von ägyptischen Baumwollstreifen wurden unter verschiedenen Bedingungen (Temperatur, Zeit) einer Laugung unterworfen. Die gelaugten Proben wurden eingehend durch Röntgendiffraktometrie, IR-Absorptionsspektroskopie und Messungen der Temperaturabhängigkeit der elektrischen Gleichstromleitfähigkeit untersucht. Phasenstruktur, Kristallinität, Zuordnung der Banden, Aktivierungsenergien für die Leitfähigkeit und verbotene Bänder wurden in Abhängigkeit von der Laugung ermittelt. Die erhaltenen Ergebnisse wurden miteinander verglichen und in Einzelheiten diskutiert, wobei für die Baumwollverarbeitungsindustrie wertvolle und empfehlenswerte Informationen erhalten wurden.
    Abstract: Резюме Несколько образцов е гипетского хлопково го материала фабричног о изготовления были подвергнуты мер серизации при различ ных температурах и време ни. Для мерсеризованн ых образцов хлопка пров еден рентгенострукт урный анализ, измерены ИК спектры и температурная зависимость постоян нотоковой составляю щей электропроводности. В зависимости от усло вий мерсеризации провед ена оценка фазового с остава, процента кристаллич ности, отнесения ИК полос, энергии актива ции проводимости и энергетической щели. Приведено подробное обсуждение полученн ых результатов, а полу ченные на их основе корреляции да ли обширную информацию полезную для текстильного про изводства.
    Notes: Abstract Several samples of Egyptian cotton fabric strips were subjected to various caustic mercerization conditions, varying in temperature and time. On these samples extensive measurements were undertaken, comprising X-ray diffraction, IR absorption spectra and the temperature-dependence of DC-electric conductivity. The phase constitution, % crystallinity, IR band assignment, activation energies for conduction and energy gap were evaluated as a function of caustic mercerization. The results obtained were correlated and discussed in detail, leading to valuable information of use in the cotton fabric strip industries.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 35 (1989), S. 2367-2377 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mittels Röntgendiffraktionsuntersuchungen, Sorptionsmessungen und Bestimmung deas Polymerisationsgrades wurden die Veränderungen untersucht, die durch die Merzerisierung bei verschiedenen Temperaturen in der supramolekularen Struktur von Baumwollfasern verursacht werden. Zum Vergleich wurden ähnliche Untersuchungen nach Behandlung mit flüssigem Ammoniak durchgeführt. Die Pyrolyse der merzerisierten Baumwollproben zeigt, daß die Levoglukosanausbeute bei NaOH-behandelten Proben geringer ist als bei unbehandelten oder NH3-behandelten Proben. Auf Grundlage von DTA und TG wurden vergleichende Betrachtungen zur Wärmebeständigkeit der modifizierten Baumwollproben angestellt. Eine Abnahme de prozentualen Kristallinität senkt die Temperatur für Beginn und Peak der hauptsächlichsten Zersetzungsreaktionen. NH3-behandelte Proben (Azeton) sind thermisch unbeständiger als unbehandelte oder merzerisierte Proben.
    Abstract: Резюме С помощью рентгеност руктурного анализа, сорбцционных измере ний и определения степени полимеризац ии изучены изменения в надмолекулярной стр уктуре волокон хлопк а после их мерсеризации при р азличных температур ах. Для сравнения соответст вующие измерения были проведены с воло кнами, обработанными жидким аммиаком. Пиролиз мер серизованных образцов хлопка пока зал, что выход левоглю козана при этом меньше, чем в случ ае пиролиза необработанных обра зцов или же образцов, обработанных аммиак ом. На основе данных ДТ А и ТГ проведено сопоста вление термоустойчи вости модифицированных об разцов хлопка. Найдено, что уменьшен ие процента кристалл ичности понижает начальные и максимальные температуры основны х реакций разложения. Образцы, обработанные аммиак ом, менее термоустойчивы по ср авнению с необработа нными и мерсеризованными об разцами.
    Notes: Abstract The changes resulting in the supramolecular structure of cotton fibres after mercerization at different temperatures were investigated by means of X-ray diffraction, sorption measurements and determination of the degree of polymerization. For comparison, corresponding measurements were also carried out after liquid ammonia treatment. Pyrolysis of the mercerized cotton samples showed that the levoglucosan yield of NaOH-treated samples is less than that of untreated or NH3-treated samples. Comparisons were made of the thermal stability of the modified cotton samples, as indicated by DTA and TG.A decrease in the percentage crystallinity was found to lower the onset and peak temperatures of the major decomposition reactions. An NH3-treated sample (acetone) was less thermally stable than untreated or mercerized samples.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Changes of fiber structure and the adsorption of direct dyes in cotton subjected to different kinds of mercerisation and liquid ammonia treatment have been studied. Therefrom a new general relationship between dye adsorption and fiber structure of cellulosic fibres has been given as a result. The fiber structure in the water swollen state was characterized by measurements of specific pore volume, specific pore surface and pore size distribution. The dyeing behaviour of the different treated cotton was determined by adsorption isotherms. The results revealed that for equilibrium dye adsorption from aqueous solution a transitional pore region with pore diameters of 20-60 Å has a special importance. Changes of these pores by the different swelling treatments correlated directly with the dye uptake. This pore region is found in cotton between the elementary fibrils.
    Notes: Untersucht wurden Veränderungen der Faserstruktur und der Adsorption von Direktfarbstoffen in Baumwolle, die verschiedenen Arten der Mercerisation und Flüssigammoniak-Behandlung unterworfen wurde. Daraus ergaben sich neue allgemeine Zusammenhänge zwischen Farbstoffadsorption und Faserstruktur bei Cellulosefasern. Die Charakterisierung der Faserstruktur erfolgte im wassergequollenen Zustand durch Bestimmung des spezifischen Porenvolumens, der spezifischen Porenoberfläche und der Porenverteilung. Das färberische Verhalten der verschieden behandelten Baumwolle wurde durch Aufnahme von Adsorptionsisothermen bestimmt. Es zeigte sich, daß für die Farbstoffadsorption im Gleichgewicht in erster Linie ein übergangsporenbereich von ca. 20-60Å Durchmesser in der Faser verantwortlich ist, dessen Veränderung durch die verschiedenen Quellungsbehandlungen direkt mit der Farbstoffaufnahme korreliert. Diesen Porenbereich findet man in der Baumwolle zwischen den kristallinen Elementarfibrillen.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2005-08-01
    Print ISSN: 0921-4526
    Electronic ISSN: 1873-2135
    Topics: Physics
    Published by Elsevier
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2008-06-01
    Print ISSN: 0921-4526
    Electronic ISSN: 1873-2135
    Topics: Physics
    Published by Elsevier
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  • 10
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