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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-184X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Scanning electron microscopy was used to investigate the presence of microorganisms, probably bacteria, on the gut surface of earthworms. The washed surfaces of the intestines of two earthworms, Lumbricus terrestris and Octolasion cyaneum, were examined. Numerous organisms resembling bacteria were observed throughout the gut, some in situations suggesting attachment. Compared with similar investigations in other invertebrates, there were fewer bacteria, showing less morphological diversity, on the earthworm gut surface. The majority of organisms viewed were coccoid, some were filamentous, and a few rod-shaped cells were observed. Cocci, often in chains, were seen in the foregut of both species. Although cocci were also numerous in the midgut region, particularly in the typhlosole, in O. cyaneum tufts of segmented, filamentous organisms were also seen with some segments resembling spores. Fewer organisms were found in the hindgut, but in L. terrestris there were segmented, filamentous organisms, attached to the epithelium by way of a “socket-like” structure, similar to that by which segmented, filamentous bacteria (SFBs) are attached to the ileum of rats and mice. Transmission electron microscopy of the hindgut of L. terrestris was undertaken to explore the structure and attachment of SFBs to the gut epithelium. However, although a few rod-shaped bacteria were observed, no SFBs were located. The observations reported here provide evidence that earthworms have an attached gut microflora of filamentous microorganisms which are probably indigenous, and as far as we are aware this is the first published report of such findings in these invertebrates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Industrial and engineering chemistry 8 (1936), S. 310-311 
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Microbiology 49 (1995), S. 711-745 
    ISSN: 0066-4227
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 187 (1960), S. 588-589 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] In order to simulate the brief temperature flashes, which occur when gear teeth mesh, rectangular pulses of electric current were passed through a metal wire, a method of heating previously used in the Thornton Research Centre. The pulses lasted for 4 m.sec. and were followed by periods of 40 ...
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1987), S. 95-102 
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les microorganismes du sol d'un certain endroit ont été démontrés être capable, sans exception, de la transformation de 1,6-dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-β,D-fructofuranosyl-4-chloro-4-deoxy-α,D-galactopyranoside (TGS) en cultures de laboratoire du type discontinu. Avec des prélèvements frais du sol, tous les ions disponibles de chlorure ont été libérés de la molécule. Des souscultures d'une communauté bactérienne capable de déhalogeniser le TGS ont produit un déclin progressif de la capacité de déhalogeniser le substrat. Les microorganismes du sol n'ont pas utilisé le TGS comme source de carbone. La transformation s'est accomplie par cometabolisme et, probablement, s'est basée sur un component indéterminé du sol. Quatre espèces bactériennes ont été isolées de la communauté de bactéries du sol capable de déhalogeniser le TGS: deux espèces deBacillus, unAcinetobacter et unMicrococcus. Des études de chromatographie de couches fines ont confirmées la disparition du chlorosaccharide, tandis que des études de chromatographie liquide de haut rendement ont démontrées que, des monosaccharides constituants, ni 1,6-dichlorofructose ni 4-chlorogalactosucrose, n'ont été accumulés comme produits intermédiaires.
    Abstract: Resumen Microorganismos de suelo de cierto lugar demostraron consistemente ser capaces de realizar la transformación de 1,6-dicloro-1,6 dideoxi-β-D-fructofuranosil-4-cloro-4-deoxi-α,D-alactopiranosa (TGS) in culturas de laboratorio de tipo discontinuo. Con muestras frescas de suelo, todos los iones cloruro fueron liberados de la molecula. Subculturas de una comunidad bacterial capaz de dehalogenizar TGS produjeron una declinación progresiva de la capacidad de dehalogenizar el substrato. Los microorganismos no utilizaron el TGS como fuente de carbono. La transformación se realiza por co-metabolismo y probablemente se base en un componente del suelo, no determinado. Cuatro especies bacteriales fueron aisladas de la comunidad de bacterias de suelo con capacidad de dehalogenar el TGS: dos especies deBacilo, unaAcinelobacteria y unMicrococo. Estudios de cromatografía de capa delgada confirmaron la desaparición del clorosacárido, y estadios de cromatografía liquida demostraron que ninguno de los componentes monoscáridos — 1,6-diclorofructuosa y 4-clorogalactosucrosa — eran acumulados como productors intermedios.
    Notes: Summary Soil microorganisms from one site were shown to be consistently capable of the transformation of 1,6-dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-β,d-fructofuranosyl-4-chloro-4-deoxy-α,d-galactopyranoside (TGS) in laboratory batch cultures. With fresh soils, all of the available chloride ions were released from the molecule. Subcultures of a TGS-dehalogenating bacterial community produced a progressive decline in the dehalogenating capabilities towards the substrate. The soil organisms did not utilise TGS as a carbon source. The transformation was achieved by co-metabolism and was probably supported by an unknown component in the soil. Four bacterial species were isolated from the TGS-dehalogenating soil community: twoBacillus species, anAcinetobacter group isolate and aMicrococcus group isolate. Thin-layer chromatography confirmed the disappearance of the chlorosugar and high-performance liquid chromatography demonstrated that neither of the constituent monosaccharides—1,6-dichlorofructose nor 4-chlorogalactosucrose was accumulated as an intermediate.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1995), S. 283-289 
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: chemostat ; Robbins device ; Pseudomonas fluorescens ; Pseudomonas putida ; biofilms ; adhesion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The combination of a modified Robbins device (MRD) attached to the effluent line of a continuous cultivation vessel was assessed by the adhesion of planktonic bacteria maintained at a controlled growth rate. This combination of a chemostat and an MRD provides a large number of sample surfaces for monitoring both the formation and control of biofilms over extended periods of time. This apparatus was used to monitor the colonization of two soil isolates,Pseudomonas fluorescens (EX101) andPseudomonas putida (EX102) onto silastic rubber surfaces. At a similar μrel, both bacteria attached to the silastic, howeverP. fluorescens formed confluent, dense biofilms in less than 24 h, whereasP. putida adhered as single cells or microcolonies after the same period. The metabolic activity, measured by INT-formazan formation, was similar for both organisms with a peak at 6 h of colonization and a subsequent decrease after 24 h. Long term colonization studies ofP. fluorescens produced a population of greater than 9.5 log cfu cm−2 at 28 days demonstrating the advantages of the chemostat-MRD association. This technique proved to be successful for studying bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation in tubular devices by bacterial populations at controlled and low growth rates.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1995), S. 297-304 
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: biofilms ; laminar flow ; Robbins Device ; Pseudomonas fluorescens ; bacterial adhesion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The relationship between biofilm formation and Reynolds number in laminar flow has been investigated usingPseudomonas fluorescens EX101. It was shown using a Modified Robbins Device that in laminar flow, numbers of viable cells in a developed biofilm increased with Reynolds number (Re 2, 17 and 51.5), as would be expected in a system where molecular transport to the wall is limited by diffusion. By monitoring fluorescent beads in a flowcell with a scanning confocal laser microscope at similar low Reynolds numbers, the velocity profile close to the solid surface was determined. It was shown that the presence of a thin bacterial film (up to 12 μm) displaced the flow profile away from the wall by a distance equivalent to the film thickness. Total cell counts from the Modified Robbins Device samples were not significantly different at the different flow rates but were higher than viable counts. Interruption of the flow had no significant effect on colonisation by the bacteria through the Modified Robbins Device in the first few hours. However, viable numbers were reduced when the flow was stopped at 7 h after initial colonisation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 25 (2000), S. 255-259 
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: Alcaligenes denitrificans; biodegradation; mecoprop; 2,4-D; dichlorprop
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An Alcaligenes denitrificans strain able to degrade (R)-2-(2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy)propionic acid [(R)-MCPP, mecoprop] was assessed for its ability to utilise a range of chlorophenoxyalkanoic acid herbicides in single, binary, tertiary and quaternary combinations in batch culture. Degradation rates were rapid with single growth substrates; complete degradation occurred within 29 h for 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 43 h for 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) and 50 h for (R)-MCPP, respectively. After 20 h, the degradation of (RS)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propionic acid [(RS)-2,4-DP] had ceased, with only the (R)-enantiomer being degraded. In binary combination, 2,4-D and MCPP degraded within 55 h. Degradation rates decreased when herbicides were added in tertiary and quaternary combinations. Thus, at the whole cell level, catalysis of closely related herbicides is likely to be facilitated by diverse enzymatic activity in A. denitrificans. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology (2000) 25, 255–259.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1995), S. 234-242 
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: biofilms ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa ; antibiotics ; tobramycin ; electrical current
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The combined use of antibiotics with low levels of electrical current has been reported to be more effective in controlling biofilms (the bioelectric effect) than antibiotics alone. An electrical colonisation cell was designed to study the effect of antibiotics on biofilms formed on a dialysis membrane away from the electrode surface. To avoid the electrochemical generation of toxic products,Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms were formed in minimal salts medium that excluded chloride-containing compounds. Under these conditions, electrical currents of up to 20 mA cm−2 did not prevent biofilm formation or have any detrimental effect on an established biofilm. Tobramycin alone at concentrations of 10 μg ml−1 did not affect the biofilm, but were significantly enhanced by 9 mA cm−2. The effect of tobramycin concentrations of 25 μg ml−1 were enhanced by a 15 mA cm−2 electrical current. In both cases higher levels of electrical current, up to 20 mA cm−2, did not further enhance the effect of the antibiotic. The possible mechanisms of action of the bioelectric effect have been reported to involve electrophoresis, iontophoresis and electroporesis, thus overcoming the biofilm biomass and cell wall barriers. Our results suggest that other factors may also be important, such as the metabolic activity and growth rate of the bacteria. Such factors may be critical in maximising antibiotic efficacy.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 46 (1990), S. 807-812 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Bacterial starvation ; ultramicrobacteria ; bacterial survival ; transport of bacteria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The soil and subsurface strata are low nutrient environments and their bacterial inhabitants must adopt starvation responses to survive. These responses include the formation of dormant, viable cells which, although reduced in cell size and volume, are able to respond to any improvement in nutrient availability. Starved bacteria are able to survive for extended periods without nutrients and their reduced size allows them to disperse deeply within rocks and soils greatly improving their penetration. These combined factors may increase opportunities for bacteria to reach a deep waste disposal site.
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