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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Estimation of path lengths for diffusion of organic compounds through leaf cuticles (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 22 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The effect of waxes on the mobilities of organic solutes in isolated leaf cuticular membranes (CM) of six species was investigated using compounds with molar volumes ranging from 99 cm3 mol–1 (salicylic acid) to 349 cm3 mol–1 (cholesterol). When log(solute mobility) was plotted versus molar volumes straight lines were obtained for all plant species showing that the mobilities decreased exponentially with increasing molar volumes of solutes. The slopes of these graphs represent the size selectivity of the CM. Extracting waxes from the CM using chloroform–methanol had no effect on size selectivity, but absolute values of mobilities increased by 28-fold (Citrus grandis L. and Camellia assamica L.) to 759-fold (Ilex paraguariensis St.-Hil). Since the removal of waxes did not affect size selectivity it is argued that extraction reduced the path lengths and these values are a measure for tortuosity, that is the ratio of path lengths in CM and MX. Mobilities in the polymer matrix of extracted cuticles did not differ much among species with the exception of C. assamica. Although the mobilities in CM of I. paraguariensis and C. assamica were similar, the mobilities in the polymer matrix of C. assamica were almost 40-fold lower than in I. paraguariensis. Neither the mobilities in CM and MX nor the tortuosity were correlated with thickness of CM or amounts of wax.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.1999.00429.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plant cuticles sorb lipophilic compounds during enzymatic isolation (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 9 (1986), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Plant cuticles sorb large amounts of hexadecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid and other lipophilic compounds (not identified) when incubated in cell slurries obtained by enzymatically digesting leaves or fruits. These extraneous substances cannot be removed completely and selectively after cuticle isolation, nor is it possible to prevent sorption by optimizing isolation procedures. It is, therefore, impossible to estimate amounts and composition of intracuticular soluble lipids using enzymatically isolated cuticles, as has been done in the past. Extraneous substances sorbed during isolation do not affect water permeability of the cuticles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1986.tb01761.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of foliar uptake of chemicals: influence of leaf surface microflora (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 16 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Analysing uptake and desorption kinetics of methylglucose in needles of Picea abies (L.) Karst., the effect of NaN3 on methylglucose uptake, and the correlation between different degrees of colonization of needle surfaces with epiphytes and equilibrium uptake of methylglucose, showed that methylglucose was taken up only by epiphytes but not by the needles themselves. Thus, amounts of methylglucose taken up are a measure of the amounts of epiphytic microorganisms. Uptake of methylglucose into epiphytes was very rapid and equilibrium was obtained within 2h. Amounts taken up could completely be desorbed again from epiphytes within 2-6 h. It is pointed out that the possible influence of leaf surface microorganisms must be considered in studies of foliar uptake of chemicals, in order to avoid erroneous conclusions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1993.tb00494.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diffusion in plant cuticles as affected by temperature and size of organic solutes: similarity and diversity among species (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Mobilities of lipophilic organic solutes in cuticular membranes (CM) isolated from mature leaves of Citrus aurantium L., Citrus grandis L., Hedera helix L., IIex aquifolium L., Ilex paraguariensis St.-Hil., Mains domestica Borkh., Prunus armeniaca L., Primus laurocerasus L., Pyrus communis L., Pyrus pyrifolia (Burm. f.) Nakai, Stephanotis florihunda Brongn. and Strophantus gratus Baill. were measured over a temperature range of 15–78°C. In this range, solute mobilities increased up to 1000-fold, which corresponds to temperature coefficients Q10 of 3 (IAA in P. armeniaca) to 14 (cholesterol in H. helix). For most species, Arrhenius graphs showed good linearity up to 40°C, and up to 78°C for some species, while for others activation energies declined with increasing temperature. However, no distinct phase transitions caused by sudden structural changes in the CM were observed. In three species we examined whether heating to 70°C changed solute mobility irreversibly by comparing Arrhenius graphs for two successive experiments with the same CM. The two graphs were very similar for P. laurocerasus, while mobilities in the second graph were somewhat reduced for C. aurantium and greatly increased (at 25 and 35°C) for H. helix. This indicates rearrangements of at least some wax constituents when heated to high temperatures. The activation energies of diffusion (ED) ranged from 75 to 189 KJ mol−11 depending on species and solute size. Size selectivity and variability between cuticles decreased with increasing temperature, and this is caused by differences in (ED). An excellent correlation between the pre-exponential factor of the Arrhenius equation and ED was observed, which is evidence that organic solutes differing greatly in molecular size (130–349 cm3 mol−1) and cuticle/water partition coefficient (25–108) use similar diffusion paths in the CM of all 12 plant species tested. Diffusion occurs in regions with identical physicochemical properties and differs only in magnitude.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1997.tb00675.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Foliar Penetration of Succinic Acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide: Mechanism and Rate Limiting Step (1978)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 42 (1978), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The foliar penetration of succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) into primary leaves of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Blue Lake) was studied using detached leaves and a leaf disc method. SADH penetration was linear with time and directly related to concentration and the fraction of non-ionized SADH molecules in the treating solution. The addition of a surfactant, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate, increasing temperature and light enhanced penetration. Surfactant and light enhanced penetration are discussed in relation to increased wetting and area of contact over guard and accessory cells and the greater permeability of the cuticular ledges in open than in closed stomata. Evidence is presented that foliar penetration of SADH takes place by diffusion controlled by the cuticular membrane. Metabolic processes were not rate limiting.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1978.tb02555.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fine structure of isolated and non-isolated potato tuber periderm (1982)
    Springer
    Planta 154 (1982), S. 76-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Cell wall (potato) ; Periderm ; Solanum (periderm) ; Suberin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cell walls of the periderm of native potato tuber (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Primura) consist of a primary wall, a suberized secondary wall and a tertiary wall. With a mixture of pectinase and cellulase intact periderm membranes can be isolated. Isolation does not affect fine structure. It is suggested that the lignin in the middle lamellae and primary walls prevents the enzymes from digesting pectinaceous materials and cellulose. In specimens fixed with OsO4, the suberized walls appear as alternating electrondense and electron-lucent lamellae. This lamellar architecture is not altered by extraction with chloroform. Therefore, the current view that the electronlucent lamellae consist of soluble lipids (waxes) can no longer be maintained. It is argued that the lamellation is a property of the suberin itself, and the suberized wall consists of alternating layers of suberins differing in polarity. A hypothesis of suberin assembly from sub-units is advanced and the subunits are shown for the first time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00385500
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermodynamic analysis of nonelectrolyte sorption in plant cuticles: The effects of concentration and temperature on sorption of 4-nitrophenol (1986)
    Springer
    Planta 169 (1986), S. 69-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Cuticular lipid ; Ficus ; Lipid (cuticular) ; Lycopersicon (cuticle, sorption) ; 4-Nitrophenol ; Nonelectrolyte sorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The sorption of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) in enzymatically isolated cuticles ofLycopersicon esculentum fruits andFicus elastica leaves was studied as a function of temperature and solute concentration. Plots of the concentrations of 4-NP sorbed in the cuticle versus the equilibrium concentrations in the aqueous phase gave linear isotherms at low concentrations that tended to approach plateaus at higher sorbate concentrations (≥ 10 mmol·kg-1). At low concentrations of sorbed 4-NP, cuticles have sorptive properties similar to those of organic solvents which are able to form intermolecular hydrogen bonds, while at higher concentrations their solid nature becomes apparent. During sorption of 4-NP the cutin matrix swells and new sorption sites are successively formed. The partition coefficients of 4-NP in the system cuticle/buffer are functions of temperature and concentration. At high sorbate concentrations (approx. 1 mol·kg-1) they approach a value of 1. Different sorptive properties were observed for the cutin regions normally encrusted with soluble cuticular lipids (SCL) and those without SCL. Increasing temperature augmented the number of sorption sites in the cutin ofLycopersicon while no effect was observed withFicus. The changes of partial molar free energy (ΔG o tr), enthalpy (ΔH o tr), and entropy (ΔS o tr) for the phase transfer of 4-NP also depended on sorbate concentration: ΔH o tr and ΔS o tr were negative and steeply decreased at high sorbate concentrations. This is due to solute-solute interactions replacing solute-cutin interactions at high concentrations resulting in solid precipitates of solute within the cutin matrix. This formation of ordered solid domaines starting from a small number of nonelectrolyte molecules interacting with the cutin is proposed as a model for the intracuticular deposition of SCL.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01369777
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of the environment on the permeability and composition of Citrus leaf cuticles (1990)
    Springer
    Planta 180 (1990), S. 147-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Citrus ; Cuticle (composition, permeability) ; Humidity and cuticle permeability ; Temperature and cuticle permeability ; Wax (cuticle)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The water permeabilities of 3174 astomatous, isolated cuticular membranes from Citrus aurantium L. leaves were studied. Trees were grown in environmental chambers at temperatures ranging from 15 to 35° C and humidities of 50% and 90%. Photosynthetically active radiation was 500–1000 μmol photons·m−2· s−1. The different growing conditions had no effect on the water permeability of the membranes. However, storing isolated cuticular membranes at 8° C for up to 112 weeks decreased their water permeability, and it is argued that this is a consequence of the healing of defects between wax crystallites, and also indicates the dynamic nature of cuticular waxes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00193989
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Water permeability of plant cuticles: The effect of temperature on diffusion of water (1979)
    Springer
    Planta 147 (1979), S. 21-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Citrus ; Plant cuticles ; Phase transitions ; Water permeability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of temperature on water permeability of plant cuticles (astomatous Citrus leaf cuticles) has been investigated. The Arrhenius plot (logarithm of the permeability coefficient vs. 1/temperature) has two linear portions that intersect at 44° C. Evidence is presented to show that this intersection represents the solid/liquid phase transition of cuticular lipids. As the Arrhenius plot has only one phase transition in the temperature range of 5 to 80° C, it appears that all soluble cuticular lipids in the cuticle are present as a homogeneous mixture rather than as individual layers differing in composition. This view is supported by electron spin resonance evidence showing homogenous distribution of spin label fatty acids. The original distribution of soluble cuticular lipids is irreversibly altered by heating cuticular membranes above the transition temperature. This is accompanied by an irreversible increase in water peremeability, demonstrating the importance of the structure of cuticular lipids with regard to cuticular permeability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00384585
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fine structure of plant cuticles in relation to water permeability: The fine structure of the cuticle of Clivia miniata reg. leaves (1981)
    Springer
    Planta 152 (1981), S. 259-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Clivia ; Cuticle development and fine structure ; Water permeability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The fine structure of the upper cuticular membrane (CM) of Clivia miniata leaves was investigated using electron microscopy. The CM is made up of a thin (130 nm) lamellated cuticle proper (CP) and a thick (up to 7 μm over periclinal walls) cuticular layer (CL) of marbled appearance. Evidence is presented to show that the electron lucent lamellae of the CP do not simply represent layers of soluble cuticular lipids (SCL). Instead, the lamellation is probably due to layers of cutin differing in polarity. It is argued that the SCL in the Cp are the main barrier to water. Thickening of the CM during leaf development takes place by interposition of cutin between the CM and the cellin wall. The cutin of young, expanding leaves has a high affinity for KMnO4 and is therefore relatively polar. As leaves mature, the external CL underneath the CP becomes non-polar, as only little contrast can be obtained with permanganate as the post fixative.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00385154
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