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  • 1
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    Comprehensive diagnosis of PCDD/F emission from three hazardous waste incinerators (2018)
    Royal Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-07-12
    Description: Comprehensive diagnosis of polychlorinated dibenzo- p -dioxin and dibenzofuran (PCDD/F) emissions was systematically conducted on three hazardous waste incinerators (HWIs). Results indicated that PCDD/F mainly existed in the solid phase before the bag filter. This was especially true for higher chlorinated dioxin and furan congeners (hexa-, hepta- and octa-). The aged bag filters tended to increase the gas-phase PCDD/F. Emissions also increased due to PCDD/F desorption from circulated scrubbing solution and plastic packing media used in the wet scrubber. The PCDD/F concentrations were elevated during the start-up process, reaching up to 5.4 times higher than those measured during the normal operating period. The ratios of PCDFs/PCDDs revealed that the surface-catalysed de novo synthesis was the dominant pathway of PCDD/F formation. Installation of more efficient fabric filters, intermittent replacement of circulated scrubbing solution will result in reduced PCDD/F emission. Additionally, 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF correlated well with the international toxic equivalent quantity (I-TEQ) value, which suggests that 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF could act as an I-TEQ indicator.
    Keywords: energy, environmental chemistry, environmental engineering
    Electronic ISSN: 2054-5703
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Royal Society
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  • 2
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    The hijacking of a receptor kinase-driven pathway by a wheat fungal pathogen leads to disease (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2016-10-28
    Description: Necrotrophic pathogens live and feed on dying tissue, but their interactions with plants are not well understood compared to biotrophic pathogens. The wheat Snn1 gene confers susceptibility to strains of the necrotrophic pathogen Parastagonospora nodorum that produce the SnTox1 protein. We report the positional cloning of Snn1 , a member of the wall-associated kinase class of receptors, which are known to drive pathways for biotrophic pathogen resistance. Recognition of SnTox1 by Snn1 activates programmed cell death, which allows this necrotroph to gain nutrients and sporulate. These results demonstrate that necrotrophic pathogens such as P. nodorum hijack host molecular pathways that are typically involved in resistance to biotrophic pathogens, revealing the complex nature of susceptibility and resistance in necrotrophic and biotrophic pathogen interactions with plants.
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Noninvasive human chromosome screening for IVF [Genetics] (2016)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2016-10-19
    Description: Preimplantation genetic screening (PGS) is widely used to select in vitro-fertilized embryos free of chromosomal abnormalities and to improve the clinical outcome of in vitro fertilization (IVF). A disadvantage of PGS is that it requires biopsy of the preimplantation human embryo, which can limit the clinical applicability of PGS due...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 4
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    Genetic Polymorphisms in Host Innate Immune Sensor Genes and the Risk of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma in North Africa (2013)
    Genetics Society of America (GSA)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-06-25
    Description: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a rare malignancy in most parts of the world. It is an Epstein-Barr virus–associated malignancy with an unusual racial and geographical distribution. The host innate immune sensor genes play an important role in infection recognition and immune response against viruses. Therefore, we examined the association between polymorphisms in genes within a group of pattern recognition receptors (including families of Toll-like receptors, C-type lectin receptors, and retinoic acid–inducible gene I–like receptors) and NPC susceptibility. Twenty-six single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in five pattern-recognition genes were genotyped in 492 North African NPC cases and 373 frequency-matched controls. TLR3_rs3775291 was the most significantly associated SNP (odds ratio [OR] 1.49; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.11–2.00; P = 0.008; dominant model). The analysis showed also that CD209_rs7248637 (OR 0.69; 95% CI 0.52–0.93; P = 0.02; dominant model) and DDX58_rs56309110 (OR 0.70; 95% CI 0.51–0.98; P = 0.04) were associated with the risk of NPC. An 18% increased risk per allele was observed for the five most significantly associated SNPs, TLR3_rs3775291, CD209_rs7248637, DDX58_rs56309110, CD209_rs4804800, and MBL2_rs10824792, (p trend = 8.2 x 10 –4 ). Our results suggest that genetic variation in pattern-recognition genes is associated with the risk of NPC. These preliminary findings require replication in larger studies.
    Electronic ISSN: 2160-1836
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Genetics Society of America (GSA)
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  • 5
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    A rock magnetic study on red palaeosols in Yun-Gui Plateau (Southwestern China) and evidence for uplift of Plateau (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-09
    Description: Magnetic signals of red palaeosols from the Yun-Gui Plateau (YGP), southwestern China, are studied using rock magnetism, selective chemical dissolution, differential X-ray diffraction (DXRD) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) in order to explore the potential of red palaeosol as a proxy indicator of paleogenesis and uplift of plateau. Red palaesols are characterized by highly magnetic signals and dark red color with a hue of 5 YR (yellow-red). The low-frequency magnetic susceptibility (lf) of topsoils is shown to vary from 1500 10 –8 to 2500 10 –8 m 3 kg –1 in a decreasing pattern from the top to bottom of the profile. Magnetic profiles reveal that the red palaeosols contain significant amount of fine-grained superparamagnetic (SP) grains, which is attributed to the higher concentration of pedogenic SP maghemite. The dithionite–citrate–bicarbonate (DCB) procedure can selectively dissolve ultrafine pedogenic magnetic minerals in the red palaeosols, as evidenced by the highly correlation between mass-specific frequency-dependent magnetic susceptibility (fd) and lf loss of DCB treatment. The magnetic loss after DCB treatment accounts for 87–95 per cent of the original susceptibility. Rock magnetism and DXRD reveal that the main magnetic mineral in the red palaeosols is the pedogenic SP/stable single domain (SP/SSD) maghemite. These pedogenic maghemites account for about 1 per cent of free iron oxides. HRTEM observations show the evidence of pedogenic SP (〈~20–30 nm) and pure maghemite. These magnetic particles vary from several to tens of nanometres in size and exhibit typical crystallochemical characteristics of this mineral. Magnetic evidence suggests that the red palaeosols experience a strongly pedogenic processes. Pedogenic processes result in the neoformation of hematite and maghemite, and causes a substantial increase in the magnetic susceptibility and other magnetic signals. Therefore, the rock magnetism of red palaeosols potentially yields significant palaeopedogenic information and evidence on the neotectonic movement of plateau. Results of the present work suggest that the red palaeosols could be a good tool for understanding the amplitude and the age of uplift in the YGP.
    Print ISSN: 0956-540X
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-246X
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Deutsche Geophysikalische Gesellschaft (DGG) and the Royal Astronomical Society (RAS).
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  • 6
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    Chapter 1 Alloy Steel: Properties and Use First-Principles Quantum Mechanical Approach to Stainless Steel Alloys (2021)
    InTechOpen | Alloy Steel - Properties and Use
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: Accurate description of materials requires the most advanced atomic-scale techniques from both experimental and theoretical areas. In spite of the vast number of available techniques, however, the experimental study of the atomic-scale properties and phenomena even in simple solids is rather difficult. In steels the challenges become more complex due to the interplay between the structural, chemical and magnetic effects. On the other hand, advanced computational methods based on density functional theory ensure a proper platform for studying the fundamental properties of steel materials from first-principles. In 1980’s the first-principles description of the thermodynamic properties of elemental iron was still on the borderline of atomistic simulations. Today the numerous application- oriented activities at the industrial and academic sectors are paired by a rapidly increasing scientific interest. This is reflected by the number of publications on ab initio steel research, which has increased from null to about one thousand within the last two decades. Our research group has a well established position in developing and applying computational codes for steel related applications. Using our ab initio tools, we have presented an insight to the electronic and magnetic structure, and micromechanical properties of austenite and ferrite stainless steel alloys. In the present contribution, we review the most important developments within the ab initio quantum mechanics aided steel design with special emphasis on the role of magnetism on the fundamental properties of alloy steels.
    Keywords: steel ; stainless steel ; steel ; stainless steel ; Alloy ; Chromium ; Crystal structure ; Cubic crystal system ; Ferromagnetism ; Iron ; Nickel ; Paramagnetism ; Surface energy ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues
    Language: English
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  • 7
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    Ray Tracing RF Field Prediction: An Unforgiving Validation (2015)
    Hindawi
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-13
    Description: The prediction of RF coverage in urban environments is now commonly considered a solved problem with tens of models proposed in the literature showing good performance against measurements. Among these, ray tracing is regarded as one of the most accurate ones available. In the present work, however, we show that a great deal of work is still needed to make ray tracing really unleash its potential in practical use. A very extensive validation of a state-of-the-art 3D ray tracing model is carried out through comparison with measurements in one of the most challenging environments: the city of San Francisco. Although the comparison is based on RF cellular coverage at 850 and 1900 MHz, a widely studied territory, very relevant sources of error and inaccuracy are identified in several cases along with possible solutions.
    Print ISSN: 1687-5869
    Electronic ISSN: 1687-5877
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Published by Hindawi
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  • 8
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    Injection induced seismicity: Poroelastic and earthquake nucleation effects (2015)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2015-06-05
    Description: The standard model of injection-induced seismicity considers changes in Coulomb strength due solely to changes in pore-pressure. We consider two additional effects: full poro-elastic coupling of stress and pore-pressure, and time dependent earthquake nucleation. We model stress and pore-pressure due to specified injection rate in a homogeneous, poroelastic medium [ Rudnicki , 1986]. Stress and pore-pressure are used to compute seismicity rate through the Dieterich [1994] model. For constant injection rate, the time to reach a critical seismicity rate scales with t  ~  r 2 /( cf c ), where r is distance from the injector, c is hydraulic diffusivity, and f c is a factor that depends on mechanical properties, and weakly on r . The seismicity rate decays following a peak, consistent with some observations. During injection poro-elastic coupling may increase or decrease the seismicity rate, depending on the orientation of the faults relative to the injector. If injection induced stresses inhibit slip, abrupt shut-in can lead to locally sharp increases in seismicity rate; tapering the flux mitigates this effect. The maximum magnitude event has been observed to occur post-injection. We suggest the seismicity rate at a given magnitude depends on the nucleation rate, the size distribution of fault segments, and if the background shear stress is low, the time varying volume of perturbed crust. This leads to a roll-over in frequency magnitude distribution for larger events, with a “corner” that increases with time. Larger events are absent at short times, but approach the background frequency with time; larger events occurring post shut-in are thus not unexpected.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 9
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    MeCP2 regulates critical period plasticity in V1 [Neuroscience] (2015)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-26
    Description: Mutations in methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2) cause Rett syndrome, an autism spectrum-associated disorder with a host of neurological and sensory symptoms, but the pathogenic mechanisms remain elusive. Neuronal circuits are shaped by experience during critical periods of heightened plasticity. The maturation of cortical GABA inhibitory circuitry, the parvalbumin+ (PV+) fast-spiking...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 10
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    Magnetic properties of Dashing Rocks loess at Timaru, South Island, New Zealand (2013)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-09-10
    Description: The relationships between magnetic susceptibility and pedogenic development are different in various regions of the world. For example, loess magnetic susceptibility shows a positive correlation with pedogenic development in Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP), while it displays a negative correlation with pedogenesis in Alaska and Siberia. To better understand the relationship between magnetic properties and pedogenic development, detailed sampling of Dashing Rocks loess section at Timaru, South Island, New Zealand, was carried out. Multiproxy magnetic parameters such as magnetic susceptibility, anhysteretic remanent magnetization, magnetic hysteresis loops, M s – T curves and – T curves were measured. The results show that the types of magnetic minerals are similar to CLP: magnetite, maghemite, goethite and hematite. However, great differences are found in their concentration: most minerals in the Dashing Rocks section are hard magnetic, such as goethite, the content of paramagnetic minerals is rather high, while the soft-magnetic mineral content is very low. Hard-magnetic and paramagnetic minerals increase with depth, but soft-magnetic minerals decrease with depth, and are absent in the lower part of the profile. Gammate soil structures and Fe/Mn nodules (or pans) are commonly observed in the section, indicating that high susceptibility magnetite and maghemite have been converted to goethite and migrated downward to enrich certain horizons during chemical weathering. This process leads to lower magnetic susceptibility values, possibly related to the source and the transformation of soft-magnetic minerals in a high soil moisture environment. The relationship between magnetic susceptibility and pedogenic development in Dashing Rocks loess section is therefore different from the simple positive and negative relationships in CLP and Siberia, respectively. The more complex relationships between magnetic properties and pedogenic development in New Zealand loess may be related to differing degrees of magnetic mineral transformation at different depths and at different times.
    Print ISSN: 0956-540X
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-246X
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Deutsche Geophysikalische Gesellschaft (DGG) and the Royal Astronomical Society (RAS).
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