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  • 1
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    Ultraviolet spectrometer observations of neptune and triton (1989)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989-12-15
    Description: Results from the occultation of the sun by Neptune imply a temperature of 750 +/- 150 kelvins in the upper levels of the atmosphere (composed mostly of atomic and molecular hydrogen) and define the distributions of methane, acetylene, and ethane at lower levels. The ultraviolet spectrum of the sunlit atmosphere of Neptune resembles the spectra of the Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus atmospheres in that it is dominated by the emissions of H Lyman alpha (340 +/- 20 rayleighs) and molecular hydrogen. The extreme ultraviolet emissions in the range from 800 to 1100 angstroms at the four planets visited by Voyager scale approximately as the inverse square of their heliocentric distances. Weak auroral emissions have been tentatively identified on the night side of Neptune. Airglow and occultation observations of Triton's atmosphere show that it is composed mainly of molecular nitrogen, with a trace of methane near the surface. The temperature of Triton's upper atmosphere is 95 +/- 5 kelvins, and the surface pressure is roughly 14 microbars.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Broadfoot, A L -- Atreya, S K -- Bertaux, J L -- Blamont, J E -- Dessler, A J -- Donahue, T M -- Forrester, W T -- Hall, D T -- Herbert, F -- Holberg, J B -- Hunter, D M -- Krasnopolsky, V A -- Linick, S -- Lunine, J I -- McConnell, J C -- Moos, H W -- Sandel, B R -- Schneider, N M -- Shemansky, D E -- Smith, G R -- Strobel, D F -- Yelle, R V -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1989 Dec 15;246(4936):1459-66.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17756000" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Extreme ultraviolet observations from voyager 1 encounter with saturn (1981)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981-04-10
    Description: The global hydrogen Lyman alpha, helium (584 angstroms), and molecular hydrogen band emissions from Saturn are qualitatively similar to those of Jupiter, but the Saturn observations emphasize that the H(2) band excitation mechanism is closely related to the solar flux. Auroras occur near 80 degrees latitude, suggesting Earth-like magnetotail activity, quite different from the dominant Io plasma torus mechanism at Jupiter. No ion emissions have been detected from the magnetosphere of Saturn, but the rings have a hydrogen atmosphere; atomic hydrogen is also present in a torus between 8 and 25 Saturn radii. Nitrogen emission excited by particles has been detected in the Titan dayglow and bright limb scans. Enhancement of the nitrogen emission is observed in the region of interaction between Titan's atmosphere and the corotating plasma in Saturn's plasmasphere. No particle-excited emission has been detected from the dark atmosphere of Titan. The absorption profile of the atmosphere determined by the solar occultation experiment, combined with constraints from the dayglow observations and temperature information, indicate that N(2) is the dominant species. A double layer structure has been detected above Titan's limb. One of the layers may be related to visible layers in the images of Titan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Broadfoot, A L -- Sandel, B R -- Shemansky, D E -- Holberg, J B -- Smith, G R -- Strobel, D F -- McConnell, J C -- Kumar, S -- Hunten, D M -- Atreya, S K -- Donahue, T M -- Moos, H W -- Bertaux, J L -- Blamont, J E -- Pomphrey, R B -- Linick, S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1981 Apr 10;212(4491):206-11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17783831" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    Extreme ultraviolet observations from the voyager 2 encounter with saturn (1982)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1982-01-29
    Description: Combined analysis of helium (584 angstroms) airglow and the atmospheric occultations of the star delta Scorpii imply a vertical mixing parameter in Saturn's upper atmosphere of K (eddy diffusion coefficient) approximately 8 x 10(7) square centimeters per second, an order of magnitude more vigorous than mixing in Jupiter's upper atmosphere. Atmospheric H(2) band absorption of starlight yields a preliminary temperature of 400 K in the exosphere and a temperature near the homopause of approximately 200 K. The energy source for the mid-latitude H(2) band emission still remains a puzzle. Certain auroral emissions can be fully explained in terms of electron impact on H(2), and auroral morphology suggests a link between the aurora and the Saturn kilometric radiation. Absolute optical depths have been determined for the entire C ring andparts of the A and B rings. A new eccentric ringlet has been detected in the C ring. The extreme ultraviolet reflectance of the rings is fairly uniform at 3.5 to 5 percent. Collisions may control the distribution of H in Titan's H torus, which has a total vertical extent of approximately 14 Saturn radii normal to the orbit plane.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sandel, B R -- Shemansky, D E -- Broadfoot, A L -- Holberg, J B -- Smith, G R -- McConnell, J C -- Strobel, D F -- Atreya, S K -- Donahue, T M -- Moos, H W -- Hunten, D M -- Pomphrey, R B -- Linick, S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1982 Jan 29;215(4532):548-53.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17771276" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Ultraviolet spectrometer observations of uranus (1986)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1986-07-04
    Description: Data from solar and stellar occultations of Uranus indicate a temperature of about 750 kelvins in the upper levels of the atmosphere (composed mostly of atomic and molecular hydrogen) and define the distributions of methane and acetylene in the lower levels. The ultraviolet spectrum of the sunlit hemisphere is dominated by emissions from atomic and molecular hydrogen, which are kmown as electroglow emissions. The energy source for these emissions is unknown, but the spectrum implies excitation by low-energy electrons (modeled with a 3-electron-volt Maxwellian energy distribution). The major energy sink for the electrons is dissociation of molecular hydrogen, producing hydrogen atoms at a rate of 10(29) per second. Approximately half the atoms have energies higher than the escape energy. The high temperature of the atmosphere, the small size of Uranus, and the number density of hydrogen atoms in the thermosphere imply an extensive thermal hydrogen corona that reduces the orbital lifetime of ring particles and biases the size distribution toward larger particles. This corona is augmented by the nonthermal hydrogen atoms associated with the electroglow. An aurora near the magnetic pole in the dark hemisphere arises from excitation of molecular hydrogen at the level where its vertical column abundance is about 10(20) per square centimeter with input power comparable to that of the sunlit electroglow (approximately 2x10(11) watts). An initial estimate of the acetylene volume mixing ratio, as judged from measurements of the far ultraviolet albedo, is about 2 x 10(-7) at a vertical column abundance of molecular hydrogen of 10(23) per square centimeter (pressure, approximately 0.3 millibar). Carbon emissions from the Uranian atmosphere were also detected.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Broadfoot, A L -- Herbert, F -- Holberg, J B -- Hunten, D M -- Kumar, S -- Sandel, B R -- Shemansky, D E -- Smith, G R -- Yelle, R V -- Strobel, D F -- Moos, H W -- Donahue, T M -- Atreya, S K -- Bertaux, J L -- Blamont, J E -- McConnell, J C -- Dessler, A J -- Linick, S -- Springer, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 Jul 4;233(4759):74-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17812892" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    (abstract) Hermes Global Orbiter: Mission to Mercury (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Description: The Hermes Global Orbiter is a proposed Discovery-class mission. Hermes will be launched aboard a Delta II rocket in 1999 and will be placed in an elliptical polar orbit about Mercury. Remote sensing measurements of the planet's surface, atmosphere, and magnetosphere will be performed. Key mission goals include mapping the entire surface at 1 km resolution, characterizing the surface composition, texture and topography, searching for water ice at the poles, characterizing the atmosphere, and constraining the interior structure.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
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  • 6
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    Spitzer Space Telescope in-orbit checkout and science verification operations (2004)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: This paper describes the adaptive operations system design and evolution, implementation, and lessons learned from the completion of In-Orbit Checkout and Science Verification.
    Type: SpaceOps 2004; May 17, 2004 - May 21, 2004; Montreal, Quebec; Canada
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  • 7
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    The Voyager ultraviolet spectrometers - Astrophysical observations from the outer solar system (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The main characteristics of the ultraviolet spectrometers on board the Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft and the astrophysical experiments being currently conducted are reviewed. The spectrometers are sensitive over the wavelength range of 50 to 170 nm, which is observable only from space. The experiments include a program of stellar and nonstellar observations, monitoring of the ultraviolet flux from the sun, and studies of the interstellar wind entering the solar system. Several specific observations of particular interest are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT INSTRUMENTATION
    Type: British Interplanetary Society, Journal (ISSN 0007-094X); 44; 513-520
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 8
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    Ultraviolet spectrometer observations of Neptune and Triton (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Results from the occultation of the sun by Neptune imply a temperature of 750 + or - 150 kelvins in the upper levels of the atmosphere (composed mostly of atomic and molecular hydrogen) and define the distributions of methane, acetylene, and ethane at lower levels. The ultraviolet spectrum of the sunlit atmosphere of Neptune resembles the spectra of the Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus atmospheres in that it is dominated by the emissions of H Lyman alpha (340 + or - 20 rayleighs) and molecular hydrogen. The extreme ultraviolet emission in the range from 800 to 1100 angstroms at the four planets visited by Voyager scale approximately as the inverse square of their heliocentric distances. Weak auroral emissions have been tentatively identified on the night side of Neptune. Airglow and occultation observations of Triton's atmosphere show that it is composed mainly of molecular nitrogen, with a trace of methane near the surface. The temperature of Triton's upper atmosphere is 95 + or - 5 kelvins, and the surface pressure is roughly 14 microbars.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 246; 1459-146
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 9
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    Ultraviolet spectrometer observations of Uranus (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The Voyager 2 UV spectrometer was used to scan the Uranus atmosphere at wavelengths from 500-1700 A with a field of view of 0.1 x 0.86 deg. The temperature and composition of the upper atmosphere were determined through occultations of light from gamma Pegasi, nu Geminorum and the sun. The data indicated a substantial gas density (100 million H atoms/cu cm) at about 28,000 km from the Uranus center, suggesting that gas drag plays a significant role in ring evolution. The distributions of CH4 and C2H2 in the lower atmosphere were also estimated. An electroglow emission was detected on the sunlit side, and attributed to emissions from atomic and molecular hydrogen excited by low energy electrons. An auroral glow was also observed, and exhibited evidence of an energy input equal to that of the electroglow. Finally, estimates of the C2H2 mixing ratio and the vertical column abundance of H2 are calculated.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 233; 74-79
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 10
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    Ultraviolet Spectrometer Observations of Uranus (1986)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 1986-07-04
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science
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