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  • 1
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    Rise and fall of political complexity in island South-East Asia and the Pacific (2010)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-10-15
    Description: There is disagreement about whether human political evolution has proceeded through a sequence of incremental increases in complexity, or whether larger, non-sequential increases have occurred. The extent to which societies have decreased in complexity is also unclear. These debates have continued largely in the absence of rigorous, quantitative tests. We evaluated six competing models of political evolution in Austronesian-speaking societies using phylogenetic methods. Here we show that in the best-fitting model political complexity rises and falls in a sequence of small steps. This is closely followed by another model in which increases are sequential but decreases can be either sequential or in bigger drops. The results indicate that large, non-sequential jumps in political complexity have not occurred during the evolutionary history of these societies. This suggests that, despite the numerous contingent pathways of human history, there are regularities in cultural evolution that can be detected using computational phylogenetic methods.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Currie, Thomas E -- Greenhill, Simon J -- Gray, Russell D -- Hasegawa, Toshikazu -- Mace, Ruth -- England -- Nature. 2010 Oct 14;467(7317):801-4. doi: 10.1038/nature09461.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Evolutionary Cognitive Science Research Center, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo 153-8902, Japan. t.currie@ucl.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20944739" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Asia, Southeastern ; *Geography ; Group Processes ; Language ; Linguistics/methods ; Models, Theoretical ; New Zealand ; Pacific Islands ; Pacific Ocean ; *Phylogeny ; *Political Systems ; Politics ; Taiwan
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 2
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    Mapping the origins and expansion of the Indo-European language family (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2012-08-28
    Description: There are two competing hypotheses for the origin of the Indo-European language family. The conventional view places the homeland in the Pontic steppes about 6000 years ago. An alternative hypothesis claims that the languages spread from Anatolia with the expansion of farming 8000 to 9500 years ago. We used Bayesian phylogeographic approaches, together with basic vocabulary data from 103 ancient and contemporary Indo-European languages, to explicitly model the expansion of the family and test these hypotheses. We found decisive support for an Anatolian origin over a steppe origin. Both the inferred timing and root location of the Indo-European language trees fit with an agricultural expansion from Anatolia beginning 8000 to 9500 years ago. These results highlight the critical role that phylogeographic inference can play in resolving debates about human prehistory.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4112997/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4112997/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bouckaert, Remco -- Lemey, Philippe -- Dunn, Michael -- Greenhill, Simon J -- Alekseyenko, Alexander V -- Drummond, Alexei J -- Gray, Russell D -- Suchard, Marc A -- Atkinson, Quentin D -- 260864/European Research Council/International -- R01 GM086887/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 HG006139/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Aug 24;337(6097):957-60. doi: 10.1126/science.1219669.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Computer Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22923579" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture/history ; Bayes Theorem ; *Cultural Evolution ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; Language/*history ; Linguistics/history ; Phylogeography ; Turkey ; Vocabulary
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Evolved structure of language shows lineage-specific trends in word-order universals (2011)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-04-15
    Description: Languages vary widely but not without limit. The central goal of linguistics is to describe the diversity of human languages and explain the constraints on that diversity. Generative linguists following Chomsky have claimed that linguistic diversity must be constrained by innate parameters that are set as a child learns a language. In contrast, other linguists following Greenberg have claimed that there are statistical tendencies for co-occurrence of traits reflecting universal systems biases, rather than absolute constraints or parametric variation. Here we use computational phylogenetic methods to address the nature of constraints on linguistic diversity in an evolutionary framework. First, contrary to the generative account of parameter setting, we show that the evolution of only a few word-order features of languages are strongly correlated. Second, contrary to the Greenbergian generalizations, we show that most observed functional dependencies between traits are lineage-specific rather than universal tendencies. These findings support the view that-at least with respect to word order-cultural evolution is the primary factor that determines linguistic structure, with the current state of a linguistic system shaping and constraining future states.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dunn, Michael -- Greenhill, Simon J -- Levinson, Stephen C -- Gray, Russell D -- England -- Nature. 2011 May 5;473(7345):79-82. doi: 10.1038/nature09923. Epub 2011 Apr 13.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Post Office Box 310, 6500 AH Nijmegen, The Netherlands. michael.dunn@mpi.nl〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21490599" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biological Evolution ; Cultural Evolution ; Humans ; *Language ; *Linguistics ; Phylogeny
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 4
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    Languages evolve in punctuational bursts (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-02-02
    Description: Linguists speculate that human languages often evolve in rapid or punctuational bursts, sometimes associated with their emergence from other languages, but this phenomenon has never been demonstrated. We used vocabulary data from three of the world's major language groups-Bantu, Indo-European, and Austronesian-to show that 10 to 33% of the overall vocabulary differences among these languages arose from rapid bursts of change associated with language-splitting events. Our findings identify a general tendency for increased rates of linguistic evolution in fledgling languages, perhaps arising from a linguistic founder effect or a desire to establish a distinct social identity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Atkinson, Quentin D -- Meade, Andrew -- Venditti, Chris -- Greenhill, Simon J -- Pagel, Mark -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Feb 1;319(5863):588. doi: 10.1126/science.1149683.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AS, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18239118" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Cultural Evolution ; Humans ; *Language ; Vocabulary
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    Language phylogenies reveal expansion pulses and pauses in Pacific settlement (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-01-24
    Description: Debates about human prehistory often center on the role that population expansions play in shaping biological and cultural diversity. Hypotheses on the origin of the Austronesian settlers of the Pacific are divided between a recent "pulse-pause" expansion from Taiwan and an older "slow-boat" diffusion from Wallacea. We used lexical data and Bayesian phylogenetic methods to construct a phylogeny of 400 languages. In agreement with the pulse-pause scenario, the language trees place the Austronesian origin in Taiwan approximately 5230 years ago and reveal a series of settlement pauses and expansion pulses linked to technological and social innovations. These results are robust to assumptions about the rooting and calibration of the trees and demonstrate the combined power of linguistic scholarship, database technologies, and computational phylogenetic methods for resolving questions about human prehistory.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gray, R D -- Drummond, A J -- Greenhill, S J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Jan 23;323(5913):479-83. doi: 10.1126/science.1166858.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19164742" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bayes Theorem ; Databases, Factual ; *Emigration and Immigration/history ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; *Language ; Linguistics ; *Oceanic Ancestry Group/history ; Pacific Islands ; Philippines ; Phylogeny ; Polynesia ; Population Dynamics ; Taiwan ; Vocabulary
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 6
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    Emotion semantics show both cultural variation and universal structure (2019)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Many human languages have words for emotions such as "anger" and "fear," yet it is not clear whether these emotions have similar meanings across languages, or why their meanings might vary. We estimate emotion semantics across a sample of 2474 spoken languages using "colexification"—a phenomenon in which languages name semantically related concepts with the same word. Analyses show significant variation in networks of emotion concept colexification, which is predicted by the geographic proximity of language families. We also find evidence of universal structure in emotion colexification networks, with all families differentiating emotions primarily on the basis of hedonic valence and physiological activation. Our findings contribute to debates about universality and diversity in how humans understand and experience emotion.〈/p〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 7
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    Rate of language evolution and population size [Evolution] (2015)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2015-02-18
    Description: The effect of population size on patterns and rates of language evolution is controversial. Do languages with larger speaker populations change faster due to a greater capacity for innovation, or do smaller populations change faster due to more efficient diffusion of innovations? Do smaller populations suffer greater loss of language...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 8
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    Parasites and politics: why cross-cultural studies must control for relatedness, proximity and covariation (2018)
    Royal Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-30
    Description: A growing number of studies seek to identify predictors of broad-scale patterns in human cultural diversity, but three sources of non-independence in human cultural variables can bias the results of cross-cultural studies. First, related cultures tend to have many traits in common, regardless of whether those traits are functionally linked. Second, societies in geographical proximity will share many aspects of culture, environment and demography. Third, many cultural traits covary, leading to spurious relationships between traits. Here, we demonstrate tractable methods for dealing with all three sources of bias. We use cross-cultural analyses of proposed associations between human cultural traits and parasite load to illustrate the potential problems of failing to correct for these three forms of statistical non-independence. Associations between parasite stress and sociosexuality, authoritarianism, democracy and language diversity are weak or absent once relatedness and proximity are taken into account, and parasite load has no more power to explain variation in traditionalism, religiosity and collectivism than other measures of biodiversity, climate or population size do. Without correction for statistical non-independence and covariation in cross-cultural analyses, we risk misinterpreting associations between culture and environment.
    Keywords: evolution
    Electronic ISSN: 2054-5703
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Royal Society
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  • 9
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    A Bayesian phylogenetic study of the Dravidian language family (2018)
    Royal Society
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-22
    Description: The Dravidian language family consists of about 80 varieties (Hammarström H. 2016 Glottolog 2.7 ) spoken by 220 million people across southern and central India and surrounding countries (Steever SB. 1998 In The Dravidian languages (ed. SB Steever), pp. 1–39: 1). Neither the geographical origin of the Dravidian language homeland nor its exact dispersal through time are known. The history of these languages is crucial for understanding prehistory in Eurasia, because despite their current restricted range, these languages played a significant role in influencing other language groups including Indo-Aryan (Indo-European) and Munda (Austroasiatic) speakers. Here, we report the results of a Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of cognate-coded lexical data, elicited first hand from native speakers, to investigate the subgrouping of the Dravidian language family, and provide dates for the major points of diversification. Our results indicate that the Dravidian language family is approximately 4500 years old, a finding that corresponds well with earlier linguistic and archaeological studies. The main branches of the Dravidian language family (North, Central, South I, South II) are recovered, although the placement of languages within these main branches diverges from previous classifications. We find considerable uncertainty with regard to the relationships between the main branches.
    Keywords: computational biology
    Electronic ISSN: 2054-5703
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Royal Society
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  • 10
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    Language Phylogenies Reveal Expansion Pulses and Pauses in Pacific Settlement (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
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    Publication Date: 2009-01-23
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science
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