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The Social Metabolism of Spanish Agriculture, 1900–2008 : The Mediterranean Way Towards Industrialization (2020)

González de Molina, Manuel. ; Soto Fernández, David. ; Guzmán Casado, Gloria. ; [et al.]

Cham :Springer International Publishing :

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Keywords: Agriculture. ; Environment. ; History. ; Environmental economics. ; Economics History. ; Agriculture. ; Environmental Sciences. ; History. ; Environmental Economics. ; History of Economic Thought and Methodology.

Description / Table of Contents: Introduction -- 1. Agrarian Metabolism: the metabolic approach applied to agriculture -- 1.1. Agriculture and Social Metabolism: The metabolism of agroecosystems -- 1.2. Funds and flows in Agrarian Metabolism -- 1.3. The appropriation of biomass and colonization of the territory. Biophysical funds (land and livestock) -- 1.4. Social fund elements (human work and technical means of production) -- 1.5. The organization and dynamics of agrarian metabolism -- 1.6. The forces of change -- 1.7. Sources and methods -- 1.7.1. The specificities of AM -- 1.7.2. Scale and delimitations of the study -- 1.7.3. Sources of information -- 2. Intensification and Specialization: from Agricultureto Livestocking, 1900-2008 -- 2.1. Traditional historiographical accounts of agricultural transformations during the twentieth century -- 2.2. The evolution of land uses -- 2.3. Evolution of real net primary productivity -- 2.4. Evolution of Domestic Extraction -- 2.5. The specialization of Spain’s agricultural production -- 2.6. Spanish livestock in the twentieth century -- 2.7. Livestock production -- 2.8. An overview of Spanish agriculture industrialization -- 3. Agricultural inputs and their energy costs 1900-2010 -- 3.1. Comments on methodology -- 3.2. Traction -- 3.2.1 Mechanical traction -- 3.2.2. Combustibles -- 3.3. Irrigation -- 3.3.1. Irrigation systems -- 3.3.2. Installed mechanical power -- 3.3.3. Combustibles -- 3.3.4. Electricity -- 3.4. Fertilizers -- 3.5. Crop protection -- 3.5.1. Pesticides -- 3.5.2. Greenhouses -- 3.6. Use of inputs in the agricultural sector (Imports) -- 4. Decreasing income and reproductive problems of the agricultural population -- Introduction -- 4.1. The agricultural population during the first half of the twentieth century -- 4.2. An estimate of the agricultural sector’s macromagnitudes (1950-2008) -- 4.3. The agricultural population and changing living standards -- 4.4. The state of the agriculturalpopulation -- 4.5. Changes in farm structures -- 4.6. Breakdown of agricultural income and coverage of household expenditure -- 4.7. Conclusions -- 5. Environmental Impacts of Spanish Agriculture’s Industrialization -- 5.1. Functioning of the agroecosystem -- 5.2. The energy efficiency of agricultural production -- 5.3. State of the components of the land fund element -- 5.4. A diet rich in food of animal origin: the outsourcing of its land costs -- 6. The Metabolism of Spanish Agriculture -- 6.1. The agrarian sector in the metabolism of the Spanish economy -- 6.2. Foreign trade and domestic consumption of biomass -- 6.3. The main indicators of agrarian metabolism -- 6.4. The pace of intensification and specialization (I+S) -- 6.5. The drivers of I+S -- 6.5.1. Supply side drivers of I+S -- 6.5.2. Demand side drivers of I+S -- 6.6. Conclusions -- Epilogue -- Appendix I. Calculation of the physical production series of Spanish agriculture -- A.1.1. Sources and methodological decisions to calculate the Domestic Extraction of Vegetal Biomass -- A.1.2. The reliability of livestock censuses -- A.1.3. Adjusting Spanish livestock in the first third of the twentieth century -- Appendix II. Historical evolution of the Spanish Agrarian Metabolism and the Spanish Economy Metabolism -- A.2.1. Historical evolution of the Spanish Agrarian Metabolism -- A.2.2. Historical evolution of Spanish Economy Metabolism -- Bibliography -- Index.

Abstract: This open access book provides a panoramic view of the evolution of Spanish agriculture from 1900 to the present, offering a more diverse picture to the complex and multidimensional reality of agrarian production. With a clear transdisciplinary ambition, the book applies an original and innovative theoretical and methodological tool, termed Agrarian Social Metabolism, combining Social Metabolism with an agroecological perspective. This integrative analysis is especially interesting for environmental scientists and policy makers being the best way to design sustainable agroecosystems and public policies capable of moving us towards a more sustainable food system. Spanish agricultural production has experienced impressive growth during the 20th century which has allowed it to ensure the supply of food to the population and even to transform some crops into important chapters in foreign trade. However, this growth has had its negative side since it was based on the injection of large amounts of external energy, on the destruction of employment and the loss of profitability of agricultural activity. But perhaps the most serious part is the strong impact of the current industrialised agriculture model on Spanish agroecosystems, exposed to the overexploitation of hydric resources, pollution of the water by nitrates and pesticides, high erosion rates and an alarming loss of biodiversity; damage which in the immediate future will end up reducing production capacity.

Type of Medium: Online Resource

Pages: XIX, 281 p. 105 illus., 3 illus. in color. , online resource.

Edition: 1st ed. 2020.

ISBN: 9783030209001

Series Statement: Environmental History, 10

URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20900-1

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-20900-1

DDC: 630

Language: English

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In Situ Measurement of Electro-Osmotic Fluxes and Conductivity Using Single Wellbore Tracer Tests (2001)

McNab, Walt W. ; Ruiz, Roberto

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Ground water monitoring & remediation 21 (2001), S. 0

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ISSN: 1745-6592

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences

Notes: Electro-osmosis (EO), the movement of water through porous media in response to an electric field, offers a means for extracting contaminated ground water from fine-grained sediments, such as clays, that are not easily amenable to conventional pump-and-treat approaches. The EO-induced water flux is proportional to the voltage gradient in a manner analogous to the flux dependence on the hydraulic gradient under Darcy's law. The proportionality constant, the soil electro-osmotic conductivity or keo, is most easily measured in soil cores using bench-top tests, where flow is one-dimensional and interfering effects attributable to Darcy's law can be directly accounted for. In contrast, quantification of EO fluxes and keo in the field under deployment conditions can be difficult because electrodes are placed in ground water wells that may be screened across a heterogeneous mixture of lithologies. As a result, EO-induced water fluxes constitute an approximate radial flow system that is superimposed upon a Darcy flow regime through permeable pathways that may or may not be coupled with hydraulic head differences created by the EO-induced water fluxes. A single well comparative tracer test, which indirectly measures EO fluxes by comparing wellbore tracer dilution rates between background and EO-induced water fluxes, may provide a means for routinely quantifying the efficacy of EO systems in such settings. EO fluxes measured in field tests through this technique at a ground water contamination site were used to estimate a mean keo value through a semianalytic line source model of the electric field. The resulting estimate agrees well with values reported in the literature and with values obtained with bench-top tests conducted on a soil core collected in the test area.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.2001.tb00649.x

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Ground Water Replenishment with Reclaimed Water in the City of Los Angeles (1998)

Karimi, Ali A. ; Redman, Jeremy A. ; Ruiz, Roberto F.

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Ground water monitoring & remediation 18 (1998), S. 0

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ISSN: 1745-6592

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences

Notes: A two-year pilot study involving the recharge of a ground water basin with reclaimed water was completed in the city of Los Angeles. The city's Department of Water and Power is planning to initiate several ground water recharge projects using reclaimed water in the near future. One such project is the Headworks Recharge Project, the focus of this paper, Approximately 1 cfs of the Los Angeles (LA) River water comprised of 70% tertiary treated reclaimed water was recharged on a two-day wet and five-day dry cycle. The recharge water was then extracted from the basin approximately 1000 feet downgradient. Results showed greater than 4-log removal of coliform bacteria, up to 87% reduction in TOC, and compliance of the product water with federal and state drinking water standards. Model simulation showed after 15 years of recharging 3000 acre-feet per year of the LA River water and extracting about 10,000 acre-feet from the basin, the product water would contain from 5% to 15% reclaimed water. This is well below the maximum allowable limit of 20% stipulated by the California regulation.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.1998.tb00626.x

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Hydrological cycle and interannual variability of the aquatic community in a temporary saline lake (Fuente de Piedra, Southern Spain) (1997)

García, Carlos M. ; García-Ruiz, Roberto ; Rendón, Manuel ; [et al.]

Springer

Hydrobiologia 345 (1997), S. 131-141

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ISSN: 1573-5117

Keywords: saline lakes ; shallow lakes ; seasonality ; interannual variability ; phytoplankton

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract Fuente de Piedra is a shallow, temporary saline lake whoseseasonal behavior is strongly dependent on the annual hydrologicalbudget. In this study, we outline the characteristics of Fuente dePiedra Lake for two years that had different hydrological budgets.The high precipitations in 1989–90 caused the lake not to dry asusual, and decreased both salinity and the amplitude of changes.There were also differences in nutrient dynamics, with generallylower concentrations of soluble reactive phosphorus and ammonium,whereas in the more humid year nitrate showed a distinct maximum inwinter. Winter bloom chlorophyll a concentrations were alsomuch higher in 1989–90 (〉600 μg l-1) but there wasalso a winter productive phase that was presumably poorly coupledwith consumption processes that predominate in spring. Planktonicassemblages were different between years. Highly halotolerantphytoplankton species (Dunaliella salina and D. viridis) became scarcer, and especially two previouslyunrecorded diatoms (Cyclotella sp. and Chaetoceros sp.)became dominant in the bloom time in the wet year. The speciesrichness of the zooplankton increased in the wet year, with newspecies appearing that were not collected during 1987–88(Branchinectella media, Daphnia mediterranea, Macrothrix sp.,Arctodiaptomus salinus, Cyclops sp., Sigara sp...).There was also a much higher development of macrophytes (Ruppiadrepanensis, Althenia orientalis, Lamprothamnium papulosum)and bird populations, especially flamingoes (Phoenicopterusruber). Important interannual variations in this sort of system pointto the need for long term studies to observe the whole range ofstates that define the lake as an entity.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002983723725

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The Terpenoids of Maytenus boaria MOL. (Celastraceae) (1993)

Muñoz, Orlando ; Ruiz, Roberto ; Gonzáles, Antonio ; [et al.]

New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell

Helvetica Chimica Acta 76 (1993), S. 2537-2543

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ISSN: 0018-019X

Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry

Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000

Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology

Notes: The known triterpenoids β-amyrin (= olean-12-en-3β-ol; 22), lupeol (= lup-20(29)-en-3β-ol; 17), betulin (= lup-20(29)-ene-3β,28-diol; 18), lup-20(29)-ene-3β,30-diol (20), oleanolic acid (= 3β-hydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid; 21), and betulonic acid (= 3-oxolup-20(29)-en-28-oic acid; 19), together with epicatechol (= cis-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-3,5,7-triol; 23), 5′-O-methylgallocatechol (= trans-2-(3,4-dihydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-3,5,7-triol; 24), and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde were isolated from the aerial parts of Maytenus boaria (MOL.). Additonally, the eight 4,C4-dihydro-β-agarofuran sesquiterpenoids 1-8, one of them a diol with a (4R)-configuration, and compound 9 were present in the extract. The structures of these compounds were established by spectroscopic and chemical means.

Additional Material: 1 Tab.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hlca.19930760712

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The Social Metabolism of Spanish Agriculture, 1900–2008 (2021)

González de Molina, Manuel ; Soto Fernández, David ; Guzmán Casado, Gloria ; [et al.]

Springer Nature

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Publication Date: 2024-04-02

Description: This open access book provides a panoramic view of the evolution of Spanish agriculture from 1900 to the present, offering a more diverse picture to the complex and multidimensional reality of agrarian production. With a clear transdisciplinary ambition, the book applies an original and innovative theoretical and methodological tool, termed Agrarian Social Metabolism, combining Social Metabolism with an agroecological perspective. This integrative analysis is especially interesting for environmental scientists and policy makers being the best way to design sustainable agroecosystems and public policies capable of moving us towards a more sustainable food system. Spanish agricultural production has experienced impressive growth during the 20th century which has allowed it to ensure the supply of food to the population and even to transform some crops into important chapters in foreign trade. However, this growth has had its negative side since it was based on the injection of large amounts of external energy, on the destruction of employment and the loss of profitability of agricultural activity. But perhaps the most serious part is the strong impact of the current industrialised agriculture model on Spanish agroecosystems, exposed to the overexploitation of hydric resources, pollution of the water by nitrates and pesticides, high erosion rates and an alarming loss of biodiversity; damage which in the immediate future will end up reducing production capacity.

Keywords: Life sciences ; Agriculture ; Environment ; History ; Environmental economics ; Economic history ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KC Economics::KCV Economics of specific sectors::KCVG Environmental economics ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KC Economics::KCZ Economic history ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RN The environment ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TV Agriculture and farming::TVB Agricultural science

Language: English

Format: image/jpeg

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