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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Behaviour of Multi-Layered Corrugated Paperboard Cushioning Systems under Impact Loads (2006)
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Applied mechanics and materials Vol. 3-4 (Aug. 2006), p. 383-390 
    Details
    ISSN: 1662-7482
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper presents some of the latest results of a research project aimed at using composite corrugated paperboard structures for protection of products against mechanical shocks and vibration during transportation and handling. Specifically, the behaviour of multi-layered corrugated paperboard (MCPB) under shock loading is investigated. Conventionally, packaging cushion design requires the determination of the maximum expected shock levels or equivalent drop which are usually determined from statistical analysis of original field measurements. With this approach, it is generally acknowledged that the cushioning element is engineered to provide adequate protection for statistically likely events but not for extreme events with low statistical likelihood. It is reluctantly accepted that, should it occur, the latter will result in damage to the product. MCPB can be formed with a broad range of compressive characteristics and with various proportions of elastic and plastic behaviour. The objective of this experimental investigation was to determine the optimum elastic/plastic proportion to extend the protective range to include largeshock levels. The experimental results obtained include the effects of compression history on the stress-strain properties of MCPB as well as the behaviour of the material in both virgin and pre-compressed form under impulsive loads. The mechanism of deformation of the corrugations (flutes) was studied using high-speed video equipment. The complex acceleration signals produced during deformation of the composite corrugated paperboard cushions under shock loading were analysed by means of the shock response spectrum. Experiments have shown that inserting a sacrificial crumple element of virgin corrugated paperboard at the optimum contact area ratio dramatically lowers the overall level of the resulting shock response spectrum. This has the effect of increasing the allowable drop height for a limited number of extreme events. The main conclusion of the research is that MCPB in both virgin and pre-compressed forms can be combined to provide significantly enhanced protection to products against mechanical hazards during distribution
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.tib-hannover.de/fulltexts/2011/0528/01/39/transtech_doi~10.4028%252Fwww.scientific.net%252FAMM.3-4.383.pdf
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Monitoring the Evolution of Fatigue in Corrugated Paperboard under Random Loads (2007)
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Applied mechanics and materials Vol. 7-8 (Aug. 2007), p. 159-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1662-7482
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: During the transportation phase of the distribution cycle, packaging systems are subjectedto random dynamic compressive loads that arise from vibrations generated by the vehicle. The leveland severity of these dynamic compressive loads are generally a function of the vibration levels, thestack configuration and stack weight. The container’s ability to withstand these compressive loadsfor sufficiently long periods depends on the material’s characteristics as well as the containerdesign. The research presented herein tests the hypothesis that cumulative damage in the materialunder random dynamic compression will result in a reduction in the overall stiffness as well as anincrease in the overall damping of the element. These are expected to be manifested, respectively,as a shift in the fundamental resonant frequency as well as an increase in the bandwidth of thefrequency response function of the material at resonance when configured as a single degree offreedom system. The paper presents the results of preliminary experiments in which a number ofcorrugated paperboard samples were subjected to dynamic compressive loads by means of broadbandrandom base excitation with a vibration table coupled with a guided dead-weight arrangement.The level of cumulative damage in the sample was continuously evaluated by monitoring thestiffness and overall damping of the sample which were extracted from the Frequency ResponseFunction (FRF) of the system. This was obtained from continuous acceleration measurements of thevibration table and the guided dead weight
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.tib-hannover.de/fulltexts/2011/0528/01/39/transtech_doi~10.4028%252Fwww.scientific.net%252FAMM.7-8.159.pdf
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterisation of the Nonlinear Behaviour of Expanded Polystyrene Cushions (2007)
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Applied mechanics and materials Vol. 7-8 (Aug. 2007), p. 283-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1662-7482
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: There are two main characteristics of cushioning materials that are required to design arobust cushioning system for the protection of critical element against enviro-mechanical hazards:the attenuation of shocks as a function of the static load and the vibration transmissibility. Theeffect of a shock on a hypothetical critical element is normally evaluated by the Shock ResponseSpectrum (SRS) whereas the Frequency Response Function (FRF) performs similar function inrelation to vibrations. This paper is concerned with the latter. Cushioning materials are generallynonlinear and, together with the interacting mass, form a nonlinear dynamic system. This papershows how the Reverse Multiple Input-Single-Output (R-MISO) method can be used to describethe nonlinear characteristics of cushioning systems by generating a series of FRF terms. However,this creates ambiguity in relation to the effect of transmitted vibration on the critical element. Thispaper proposes to resolve this, by analogy to the SRS, through a numerical calculation of theVibration Response Spectrum (VRS) for a hypothetical critical element, using as the excitation ofthe critical element either experimental cushion response data or data synthesised via R-MISOFRFs. Values of the VRS are defined as the ratio of acceleration rms of the critical element to therms of the cushion excitation, although other descriptors of critical element's exertion can also beconsidered. The VRS can be considered as the true transmissibility. It is shown that the R-MISOmethod is superior over the Single Input-Single-Output (SISO) method in determining thetransmissibility of polystyrene cushions. Since the cushion system is nonlinear, the excitation of thelinear critical element will in general be non-Gaussian, although this paper has shown that it is near-Gaussian in the vicinity of cushion resonance. A chosen hypothetical critical element can be linearor, if its characteristics is known in advance, nonlinear. Results presented in this paper demonstratehow the R-MISO and the VRS can be used to determine the dynamic characteristics of EPS as anonlinear cushioning material
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.tib-hannover.de/fulltexts/2011/0528/01/39/transtech_doi~10.4028%252Fwww.scientific.net%252FAMM.7-8.283.pdf
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interpreting Shock Data to Estimate Drop Height Levels During Handling (2007)
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Applied mechanics and materials Vol. 7-8 (Aug. 2007), p. 243-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1662-7482
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: During distribution, consignments undergo numerous handling processes bothmechanized and manual. These operations are known to produce drops and impacts of varyingseverity which have a potential to cause damage to the product. These shocks are the mainparameters required for the optimum design of protective packaging systems. The severity of theshocks is often described in terms of their effective (free-fall equivalent) drop height (EDH) andimpact orientation, in order to facilitate the laboratory testing conducted on a free-fall apparatus.The preferred approach is to survey the shocks with self-contained tri-axial shock recorders andprocess the data in such a way that statistical distributions of expected drop heights and orientationsare obtained. On the other hand the Real Drop Height (RDH) method, based on the measurement offree fall time, is also used, mainly to discriminate between free-fall events and more commonlyoccurring complex causes of shocks, primarily for the quality control of distribution environment.The focus of the paper is on the EDH method and on the use of characteristic parameters of thetri-axial acceleration shock pulse to determine the EDH. An accurate estimate of the coefficient ofrestitution between the instrumented test package and the impact surface must be known and thisposes a problem as it cannot always be established for every event during distribution.Consequently, the adopted approach is to calibrate an instrumented test package and obtain anestimate of the coefficient of restitution between the package and a test impact surface which isgenerally assumed to be hard relative to the cushioned package. The paper addresses the pitfalls andinvestigates various algorithms of determining the EDH from recorded shock data. It presents ananalysis of the influence and errors associated with various methods used to estimate velocitychange from characteristic parameters of a shock pulse such as the pulse width, the peakacceleration and its temporal location. The effects of analyzing the orthogonal acceleration vectorsseparately, as opposed to the resultant vector, are discussed. The results of a number of free-fallexperiments, undertaken in controlled conditions, are used to validate and calibrate the proposedmethod for determining the EDH for free-fall drops on hard surfaces
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.tib-hannover.de/fulltexts/2011/0528/01/39/transtech_doi~10.4028%252Fwww.scientific.net%252FAMM.7-8.243.pdf
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Direct Measurements of the Chromium Activity in Complex Nickel Base Alloys by High Temperature Mass Spectrometry (2008)
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Materials science forum Vol. 595-598 (Sept. 2008), p. 975-985 
    Details
    ISSN: 1662-9752
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Chromium rich, nickel based alloys Haynes 230 and Inconel 617 are candidate materialsfor the primary circuit and intermediate heat exchangers (IHX) of (Very)-High TemperatureReactors. The corrosion resistance of these alloys is strongly related to the reactivity of chromiumin the reactor specific environment (high temperature, impure helium).At intermediate temperature – 900°C for Haynes 230 and 850°C for Inconel 617 – the alloys underinvestigation are likely to develop a chromium-rich surface oxide scale. This layer protects from theexchanges with the surrounding medium and thus prevents against intensive corrosion processes.However at higher temperatures, it was shown that the surface chromia can be reduced by reactionwith the carbon from the alloy [1] and the bare material can quickly corrode. Chromium appears tobe a key element in this surface scale reactivity. Then, quantitative assessment of the surfacerequires an accurate knowledge of the chromium activity in the temperature range close to theoperating conditions (T ≈ 1273 K).High temperature mass spectrometry (HTMS) coupled to multiple effusion Knudsen cells wassuccessfully used to measure the chromium activity in Inconel 617 and Haynes 230 in the 1423-1548 K temperature range. Appropriate adjustments of the experimental parameters and in-situcalibration toward pure chromium allow to reach accuracy better than ± 5%.For both alloys, the chromium activities are determined. Our experimental results on Inconel 617are in disagreement with the data published by Hilpert [2]. Possible explanations for the significantdiscrepancy are discussed
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.tib-hannover.de/fulltexts/2011/0528/02/20/transtech_doi~10.4028%252Fwww.scientific.net%252FMSF.595-598.975.pdf
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermodynamic Modelling of the Destruction of the Surface Cr〈sub〉2〈/sub〉O〈sub〉3〈/sub〉 on Alloy 230 in the Impure Helium Atmosphere of a Gas Cooled Reactor (2008)
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Materials science forum Vol. 595-598 (Sept. 2008), p. 429-438 
    Details
    ISSN: 1662-9752
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Above a given temperature called TA, the chromium rich oxide which has beendeveloped on the surface of Haynes 230® and model NiCrWC alloys at a lower temperaturebecomes unstable in impure helium: carbon monoxide is released. Actually, oxide is reduced bycarbon from the alloy. A thermodynamic model is developed to rationalize the variation of TA as afunction of the partial pressure of CO in the gas phase. It was found that, at the early stages of thescale reduction, the relevant reaction occurs at the oxide/metal interface between chromia andcarbon from the alloy. The interfacial activity of carbon in the alloy can be calculated based onmeasurements of the interfacial weight percentage of chromium and using ThermoCalc® software.Excellent agreement is observed between experimental values of TA and theoretical predictions
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.tib-hannover.de/fulltexts/2011/0528/02/19/transtech_doi~10.4028%252Fwww.scientific.net%252FMSF.595-598.429.pdf
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of the High Temperature Surface Reactivity in Impure Helium of Two Materials for Gas Cooled Reactors (2008)
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Materials science forum Vol. 595-598 (Sept. 2008), p. 439-448 
    Details
    ISSN: 1662-9752
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Nickel base alloys Haynes 230 and Inconel 617 are of interest for gas cooled reactors. Athigh temperature in impure helium, they generally form surface chromium-rich oxides. Howeverabove a critical temperature called TA, the scales are not stable anymore and the chromiadestruction comes with a production of carbon monoxide. Reactivity tests on model alloys, with andwithout carbon, prove that chromia is reduced by the carbon from the alloy. TA vs P(CO) curveswere also plotted for the two commercial alloys based on the experimental determination of TA invarious atmospheres with increasing partial pressures of carbon monoxide. Unexpectedly, bothmaterials exhibit an almost identical behavior although a basic equilibrium approach suggests thatthe chromia scale would be reduced in different conditions due to the thermodynamic particularityof the interfacial alloy/scale system
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.tib-hannover.de/fulltexts/2011/0528/02/19/transtech_doi~10.4028%252Fwww.scientific.net%252FMSF.595-598.439.pdf
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An empirical exploration of psychological contract violation and individual behaviour: The case of Canadian federal civil servants in Quebec (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 20 (2005), S. 150-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: Purpose - The purpose of the research is to demonstrate the impact of psychological contract infringement (independent variable) on organizational commitment, exit, voice and neglect (dependent variables) within a Canadian federal public organization located in Quebec, where individual (e.g. age), organizational (e.g. stricter rule enforcement) and situational (e.g., employment alternatives) variables are controlled.Design/methodology/approach - A pre-tested questionnaire (204 questions) on the psychological contract was distributed to 357 Canadian civil servants in a one site federal department. One hundred and thirty-two questionnaires were returned and considered usable for research, for a 37 per cent response rate. Bivariate analysis was performed on the various determinants and individual responses to psychological contract violation, including organizational commitment, departure designs and counterproductive behaviors.Findings - Results clearly illustrate the great complexity of the link between organizational variables and individual reactions and shed light, on a higher level, on the need to outgrow arguments that reduce bureaucracy to its mere perverse effects. These results suggest that the managerial challenge is not so much to produce a shift from an environment where the rule of law, standards and regulations prevails to an open and flexible environment where individual autonomy is prized as it is to ensure compliance with normative and regulatory constraints.Originality/value - The research seeks to enrich the knowledge base on the subject area because previous research has dealt almost exclusively with the psychological contract within large private companies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683940510579786
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Blood-Group Antigens on Human Epidermal Cells (1956)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 178 (1956), S. 1170-1171 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Suspensions of isolated epidermal cells were prepared by treating small fragments of stored, thin split skin with crude trypsin2. The irregular shapes of the cells in these suspensions make direct agglutination tests unsuitable, and sufficiently large quantities of cells are not easily obtained for ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/1781170b0
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fonctionnement de focus en atmosphere inhomogene
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Physics Letters A 45 (1973), S. 149-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 0375-9601
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0375-9601(73)90465-9
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