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  • 1
    Call number: AWI A4-10-0015
    Description / Table of Contents: [...] In diesem Band werden aus dem Arbeitsgebiet von Prof. Klaus Dethloff interessante Ergebnisse und neue Entwicklungen vorgestellt. Zu vielen dieser wissenschaftlichen Fortschritte hat er selber direkt oder indirekt beigetragen. [...]
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 244 S. : Ill., graph. Darst.
    Branch Library: AWI Library
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  • 2
    Call number: AWI G3-24-95796
    Description / Table of Contents: The thawing of permafrost and the subsequent release of greenhouse gases constitute one of the most significant and uncertain positive feedback loops in the context of climate change, making predictions regarding changes in permafrost coverage of paramount importance. To address these critical questions, climate scientists have developed Land Surface Models (LSMs) that encompass a multitude of physical soil processes. This thesis is committed to advancing our understanding and refining precise representations of permafrost dynamics within LSMs, with a specific focus on the accurate modeling of heat fluxes, an essential component for simulating permafrost physics. The first research question overviews fundamental model prerequisites for the representation of permafrost soils within land surface modeling. It includes a first-of-its-kind comparison between LSMs in CMIP6 to reveal their differences and shortcomings in key permafrost physics parameters. Overall, each of these LSMs represents a unique approach to simulating soil processes and their interactions with the climate system. Choosing the most appropriate model for a particular application depends on factors such as the spatial and temporal scale of the simulation, the specific research question, and available computational resources. The second research question evaluates the performance of the state-of-the-art Community Land Model (CLM5) in simulating Arctic permafrost regions. Our approach overcomes traditional evaluation limitations by individually addressing depth, seasonality, and regional variations, providing a comprehensive assessment of permafrost and soil temperature dynamics. I compare CLM5's results with three extensive datasets: (1) soil temperatures from 295 borehole stations, (2) active layer thickness (ALT) data from the Circumpolar Active Layer Monitoring Network (CALM), and (3) soil temperatures, ALT, and permafrost extent from the ESA Climate Change Initiative (ESA-CCI). The results show that CLM5 aligns well with ESA-CCI and CALM for permafrost extent and ALT but reveals a significant global cold temperature bias, notably over Siberia. These results echo a persistent challenge identified in numerous studies: the existence of a systematic 'cold bias' in soil temperature over permafrost regions. To address this challenge, the following research questions propose dual sensitivity experiments. The third research question represents the first study to apply a Plant Functional Type (PFT)-based approach to derive soil texture and soil organic matter (SOM), departing from the conventional use of coarse-resolution global data in LSMs. This novel method results in a more uniform distribution of soil organic matter density (OMD) across the domain, characterized by reduced OMD values in most regions. However, changes in soil texture exhibit a more intricate spatial pattern. Comparing the results to observations reveals a significant reduction in the cold bias observed in the control run. This method shows noticeable improvements in permafrost extent, but at the cost of an overestimation in ALT. These findings emphasize the model's high sensitivity to variations in soil texture and SOM content, highlighting the crucial role of soil composition in governing heat transfer processes and shaping the seasonal variation of soil temperatures in permafrost regions. Expanding upon a site experiment conducted in Trail Valley Creek by \citet{dutch_impact_2022}, the fourth research question extends the application of the snow scheme proposed by \citet{sturm_thermal_1997} to cover the entire Arctic domain. By employing a snow scheme better suited to the snow density profile observed over permafrost regions, this thesis seeks to assess its influence on simulated soil temperatures. Comparing this method to observational datasets reveals a significant reduction in the cold bias that was present in the control run. In most regions, the Sturm run exhibits a substantial decrease in the cold bias. However, there is a distinctive overshoot with a warm bias observed in mountainous areas. The Sturm experiment effectively addressed the overestimation of permafrost extent in the control run, albeit resulting in a substantial reduction in permafrost extent over mountainous areas. ALT results remain relatively consistent compared to the control run. These outcomes align with our initial hypothesis, which anticipated that the reduced snow insulation in the Sturm run would lead to higher winter soil temperatures and a more accurate representation of permafrost physics. In summary, this thesis demonstrates significant advancements in understanding permafrost dynamics and its integration into LSMs. It has meticulously unraveled the intricacies involved in the interplay between heat transfer, soil properties, and snow dynamics in permafrost regions. These insights offer novel perspectives on model representation and performance.
    Description / Table of Contents: Das Auftauen von Permafrost und die anschließende Freisetzung von Treibhausgasen stellen eine der bedeutendsten und unsichersten positiven Rückkopplungsschleifen im Kontext des Klimawandels dar, was Vorhersagen über Veränderungen der Permafrostverbreitung von größter Bedeutung macht. Um diese kritischen Fragen zu adressieren, haben Klimawissenschaftler Landoberflächenmodelle (LSMs) entwickelt, die eine Vielzahl physikalischer Bodenprozesse umfassen. Diese Dissertation widmet sich der Vertiefung unseres Verständnisses und der Verfeinerung präziser Darstellungen der Permafrostdynamik innerhalb von LSMs, mit einem besonderen Fokus auf die genaue Modellierung von Wärmeflüssen, einem wesentlichen Bestandteil der Simulation von Permafrostphysik. Die erste Forschungsfrage gibt einen Überblick über grundlegende Modellanforderungen für die Darstellung von Permafrostböden innerhalb der Landoberflächenmodellierung. Sie beinhaltet einen erstmaligen Vergleich zwischen LSMs im Rahmen von CMIP6, um deren Unterschiede und Schwächen in den Schlüsselparametern der Permafrostphysik aufzuzeigen. Insgesamt repräsentiert jedes dieser LSMs einen einzigartigen Ansatz zur Simulation von Bodenprozessen und deren Wechselwirkungen mit dem Klimasystem. Die Wahl des am besten geeigneten Modells für eine bestimmte Anwendung hängt von Faktoren wie dem räumlichen und zeitlichen Maßstab der Simulation, der spezifischen Forschungsfrage und den verfügbaren Rechenressourcen ab. Die zweite Forschungsfrage bewertet die Leistungsfähigkeit des hochmodernen Community Land Model (CLM5) bei der Simulation arktischer Permafrostregionen. Unser Ansatz überwindet traditionelle Evaluationsbeschränkungen, indem er Tiefe, Saisonalität und regionale Variationen einzeln berücksichtigt und eine umfassende Bewertung der Permafrost- und Bodentemperaturdynamik liefert. Ich vergleiche die Ergebnisse von CLM5 mit drei umfangreichen Datensätzen: (1) Bodentemperaturen von 295 Bohrlochstationen, (2) Daten zur aktiven Schichtdicke (ALT) aus dem Circumpolar Active Layer Monitoring Network (CALM) und (3) Bodentemperaturen, ALT und Permafrostausdehnung aus der ESA Climate Change Initiative (ESA-CCI). Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass CLM5 gut mit ESA-CCI und CALM für Permafrostausdehnung und ALT übereinstimmt, jedoch eine signifikante globale kalte Temperaturabweichung aufweist, insbesondere über Sibirien. Diese Ergebnisse spiegeln eine anhaltende Herausforderung wider, die in zahlreichen Studien identifiziert wurde: das Vorhandensein einer systematischen "kalten Abweichung" bei Bodentemperaturen in Permafrostregionen. Um diese Herausforderung anzugehen, schlagen die folgenden Forschungsfragen duale Sensitivitätsexperimente vor. Die dritte Forschungsfrage stellt die erste Studie dar, die einen pflanzenfunktionstypbasierten Ansatz (PFT) zur Ableitung von Bodentextur und organischer Bodensubstanz (SOM) anwendet und sich von der herkömmlichen Verwendung grob aufgelöster globaler Daten in LSMs abwendet. Diese neuartige Methode führt zu einer gleichmäßigeren Verteilung der Dichte organischer Bodensubstanz (OMD) im gesamten Bereich, gekennzeichnet durch geringere OMD-Werte in den meisten Regionen. Veränderungen in der Bodentextur zeigen jedoch ein komplexeres räumliches Muster. Der Vergleich der Ergebnisse mit Beobachtungen zeigt eine signifikante Reduzierung der kalten Abweichung, die im Kontrolllauf beobachtet wurde. Diese Methode zeigt bemerkenswerte Verbesserungen in der Permafrostausdehnung, jedoch auf Kosten einer Überschätzung der ALT. Diese Ergebnisse unterstreichen die hohe Empfindlichkeit des Modells gegenüber Variationen in der Bodentextur und dem SOM-Gehalt und heben die entscheidende Rolle der Bodenbeschaffenheit bei der Steuerung der Wärmeübertragungsprozesse und der saisonalen Variation der Bodentemperaturen in Permafrostregionen hervor. Aufbauend auf einem Standortexperiment im Trail Valley Creek von Dutch et al. (2022) erweitert die vierte Forschungsfrage die Anwendung des von Sturm et al. (1997) vorgeschlagenen Schneeschemas auf das gesamte arktische Gebiet. Durch die Anwendung eines Schneeschemas, das besser zu dem in Permafrostregionen beobachteten Schneedichteprofil passt, versucht diese Dissertation, dessen Einfluss auf die simulierten Bodentemperaturen zu bewerten. Der Vergleich dieser Methode mit Beobachtungsdatensätzen zeigt eine signifikante Reduzierung der kalten Abweichung, die im Kontrolllauf vorhanden war. In den meisten Regionen weist der Sturm-Lauf eine erhebliche Verringerung der kalten Abweichung auf. Es gibt jedoch eine deutliche Überschreitung mit einer warmen Abweichung in Bergregionen. Das Sturm-Experiment hat die Überschätzung der Permafrostausdehnung im Kontrolllauf wirksam angegangen, was jedoch zu einer erheblichen Reduzierung der Permafrostausdehnung in Bergregionen führte. Die ALT-Ergebnisse bleiben im Vergleich zum Kontrolllauf relativ konsistent. Diese Ergebnisse entsprechen unserer ursprünglichen Hypothese, die erwartete, dass die reduzierte Schneedecke im Sturm-Lauf zu höheren Winterbodentemperaturen und einer genaueren Darstellung der Permafrostphysik führen würde. Zusammenfassend zeigt diese Dissertation bedeutende Fortschritte im Verständnis der Permafrostdynamik und deren Integration in LSMs. Sie hat die Komplexität der Wechselwirkungen zwischen Wärmeübertragung, Bodeneigenschaften und Schneedynamik in Permafrostregionen sorgfältig entschlüsselt. Diese Erkenntnisse bieten neue Perspektiven auf die Modellierung und Leistung von Modellen.
    Type of Medium: Dissertations
    Pages: xiii, 143 Seiten , Illustrationen, Diagramme
    Language: English
    Note: Dissertation, Universität Potsdam, 2024 , TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ACKNOWLEDGEMENT List of abbreviations List of abbreviations 1 Motivations 1.1 Introduction 1.1.1 History and classification of permafrost 1.1.2 Active Layer Thickness 1.2 Importance of permafrost for northern social-ecological systems (SES) 1.3 Importance of permafrost for the global climate and carbon cycle 1.4 History of permafrost representation in climate models 1.5 Recent advances in permafrost representation in climate models 1.5.1 Systematic cold bias in LSMs 1.6 Research questions 1.7 Outline of thesis 2 Model requirements for representation of permafrost soils 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Core theories in soil physics of Land Surface Models 2.2.1 Heat transfer 2.2.2 Water transfer 2.2.3 Latent heat energy 2.3 Key variables in the representation of permafrost soils 2.3.1 Soil texture 2.3.2 Soil organic matter 2.3.3 Snow 2.3.4 Soil moisture and ground ice 2.3.5 Arctic Vegetation 2.3.6 Atmospheric forcings 2.3.7 Lower boundary fluxes 2.4 Comparison of Land Surface Models used in CMIP6 2.4.1 Soil discretization 2.4.2 Soil physics 2.4.3 Snow physics 2.4.4 Vegetation representation 2.5 Conclusion and further research directions 3 Evaluation of CLM5 against in-situ and grid-based observations 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Community Land Model (CLM5) description 3.2.1 Model set-up 3.3 Validation data 3.3.1 In-situ ground temperature stations data 3.3.2 Circumpolar Active Layer Monitoring Network (CALM) 3.3.3 ESA Climate Change Initiative 3.4 Validation procedures and algorithms 3.4.1 295GT 3.4.2 CALM 3.4.3 ESA-CCI 3.5 Results 3.5.1 Soil temperature 3.5.2 Permafrost extent 3.5.3 Active Layer Thickness (ALT) 3.6 Discussion and conclusions 4 Sensitivity experiment on soil texture and soil organic matter 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Soil texture and soil organic matter in CLM5 4.2.1 Soil thermal conductivity 4.2.2 Soil heat capacity 4.2.3 Hydraulic conductivity 4.3 New method to derive soil texture and soil organic carbon 4.3.1 Description of the Obu method and experiment 4.3.2 Differences in SCS and OMD between the control run and the Obu run 4.4 Results 4.4.1 Soil temperature 4.4.2 Permafrost extent 4.4.3 Active Layer Thickness (ALT) 4.4.4 Soil liquid and ice water 4.5 Discussion and conclusions 5 Sensitivity experiment on snow thermal conductivity 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Snow thermal conductivity 5.3 Description of snow module in CLM5 5.4 Sturm experiment with CLM5 5.5 Results 5.5.1 Soil temperature 5.5.2 Permafrost extent 5.5.3 Active Layer Thickness (ALT) 5.6 Discussion and conclusions 6 Conclusion 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Research question 1 6.3 Research question 2 6.4 Research question 3 6.5 Research question 4 6.6 Outlook 6.7 Conclusion Appendices Appendix A Additional figures A.1 Global Soil Organic Carbon Map A.2 Active Layer Thickness A.3 Thermal conductivity vs. snow density for four schemes A.4 CLM5 subgrid hierarchy A.5 Spin-up results of control run A.6 Comparison of ALT between the Obu and control runs A.7 Soil liquid and ice water difference between the Obu and control runs A.8 Effective snow depth in the Sturm and control runs A.9 Snow density in CLM4.5 and CLM5 A.10 Snow density in the Sturm and control runs A.11 Comparison of ALT between the Sturm and control runs Appendix B Additional equations B.1 Particle density B.2 Brooks and Coorey, 1964 (BC) model B.3 van Genuchten, 1980 (VG) model B.4 Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) B.5 Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD) B.6 Van Kampenhout et al. (2017) functions Appendix C Local comparisons of a list of borehole stations REFERENCES
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  • 3
    Call number: AWI A4-06-0007
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: ca. 500 S.
    Language: English
    Branch Library: AWI Library
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  • 4
    Call number: ZS-090(520) ; ZSP-168-520
    In: Berichte zur Polar- und Meeresforschung
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: IV, 152 S. , Ill., graph. Darst., Kt.
    ISSN: 1618-3193
    Series Statement: Berichte zur Polar- und Meeresforschung 520
    Classification:
    Meteorology and Climatology
    Location: Lower compact magazine
    Location: AWI Reading room
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Polar research 18 (1999), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: The regional atmospheric climate model HIRHAM has been applied to the Arctic. Simulations for the whole year 1990 and for an ensemble of winter months (January of 1985-1995) have been performed. The comparison of the simulations with observational data analyses shows that the general spatial patterns are in good agreement with the data, in both the vertical structure and the annual cycle. For an additional validation of the model results, a multivariate classification of large-scale circulation patterns has been applied to the January ensemble model simulations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: The altitude dependent variability of ozone in the polar stratosphere is regularly observed by balloon-borne ozonesonde observations at Neumayer Station (70°S) in the Antarctic and at Koldewey Station (79°N)in the Arctic. The reasons for observed seasonal and interannual variability and long-term changes are discussed. Differencs between the hemispheres are identified and discussed in light of differing dynamical and chemical conditions. Sicne the mid- 1980s, rapid chemical ozone loss has been recorded in the lower Antarctic stratosphere during the spring season. Using coordinated ozone soundings in some Arctic winters, similar chemical ozone loss rates have been detected related to periods of low temperatures. The currently observed cooling trend of the stratosphere, potentially caused by the increase of anthropogenic greenhouse gases, may further strengthen chemical ozone removal in the Arctic. However, the role of internal climate oscillations in observed temperature trends is still uncertain. First results of a 10000 year intergration of a low order climate model indicate significant internal climate variability. on decadal time scales, that may alter the effect of increasing levels of greenhouse gases in the polar stratosphere.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2015-10-26
    Description: Devastating floods due to Atlantic hurricanes are relatively rare events. However, the frequency of the most intense storms is likely to increase with rises in sea surface temperatures. Geoengineering by stratospheric sulfate aerosol injection cools the tropics relative to the polar regions, including the hurricane Main Development Region in the Atlantic, suggesting that geoengineering may mitigate hurricanes. We examine this hypothesis using eight earth system model simulations of climate under the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP) G3 and G4 schemes that use stratospheric aerosols to reduce the radiative forcing under the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5 scenario. Global mean temperature increases are greatly ameliorated by geoengineering, and tropical temperature increases are at most half of those temperature increases in the RCP4.5. However, sulfate injection would have to double (to nearly 10 teragrams of SO2 per year) between 2020 and 2070 to balance the RCP4.5, approximately the equivalent of a 1991 Pinatubo eruption every 2 y, with consequent implications for stratospheric ozone. We project changes in storm frequencies using a temperature-dependent generalized extreme value statistical model calibrated by historical storm surges and observed temperatures since 1923. The number of storm surge events as big as the one caused by the 2005 Katrina hurricane are reduced by about 50% compared with no geoengineering, but this reduction is only marginally statistically significant. Nevertheless, when sea level rise differences in 2070 between the RCP4.5 and geoengineering are factored into coastal flood risk, we find that expected flood levels are reduced by about 40 cm for 5-y events and about halved for 50-y surges.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2018-03-26
    Description: We conducted a model-based assessment of changes in permafrost area and carbon storage for simulations driven by RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 projections between 2010 and 2299 for the northern permafrost region. All models simulating carbon represented soil with depth, a critical structural feature needed to represent the permafrost carbon–climate feedback, but that is not a universal feature of all climate models. Between 2010 and 2299, simulations indicated losses of permafrost between 3 and 5 million km2 for the RCP4.5 climate and between 6 and 16 million km2 for the RCP8.5 climate. For the RCP4.5 projection, cumulative change in soil carbon varied between 66-Pg C (1015-g carbon) loss to 70-Pg C gain. For the RCP8.5 projection, losses in soil carbon varied between 74 and 652 Pg C (mean loss, 341 Pg C). For the RCP4.5 projection, gains in vegetation carbon were largely responsible for the overall projected net gains in ecosystem carbon by 2299 (8- to 244-Pg C gains). In contrast, for the RCP8.5 projection, gains in vegetation carbon were not great enough to compensate for the losses of carbon projected by four of the five models; changes in ecosystem carbon ranged from a 641-Pg C loss to a 167-Pg C gain (mean, 208-Pg C loss). The models indicate that substantial net losses of ecosystem carbon would not occur until after 2100. This assessment suggests that effective mitigation efforts during the remainder of this century could attenuate the negative consequences of the permafrost carbon–climate feedback.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2018-03-07
    Description: The ability of state-of-the-art regional climate models to simulate cyclone activity in the Arctic is assessed based on an ensemble of 13 simulations from 11 models from the Arctic-CORDEX initiative. Some models employ large-scale spectral nudging techniques. Cyclone characteristics simulated by the ensemble are compared with the results forced by four reanalyses (ERA-Interim, National Centers for Environmental Prediction-Climate Forecast System Reanalysis, National Aeronautics and Space Administration-Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications Version 2, and Japan Meteorological Agency-Japanese 55-year reanalysis) in winter and summer for 1981–2010 period. In addition, we compare cyclone statistics between ERA-Interim and the Arctic System Reanalysis reanalyses for 2000–2010. Biases in cyclone frequency, intensity, and size over the Arctic are also quantified. Variations in cyclone frequency across the models are partly attributed to the differences in cyclone frequency over land. The variations across the models are largest for small and shallow cyclones for both seasons. A connection between biases in the zonal wind at 200 hPa and cyclone characteristics is found for both seasons. Most models underestimate zonal wind speed in both seasons, which likely leads to underestimation of cyclone mean depth and deep cyclone frequency in the Arctic. In general, the regional climate models are able to represent the spatial distribution of cyclone characteristics in the Arctic but models that employ large-scale spectral nudging show a better agreement with ERA-Interim reanalysis than the rest of the models. Trends also exhibit the benefits of nudging. Models with spectral nudging are able to reproduce the cyclone trends, whereas most of the nonnudged models fail to do so. However, the cyclone characteristics and trends are sensitive to the choice of nudged variables. ©2018. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.
    Print ISSN: 2169-897X
    Electronic ISSN: 2169-8996
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2018-03-14
    Description: Cyclones in the Arctic are detected and tracked in four different reanalysis data sets from 1981 to 2010. In great detail the spatial and seasonal patterns of changes are scrutinized with regards to their frequencies, depths, and sizes. We find common spatial patterns for their occurrences, with centers of main activity over the seas in winter, and more activity over land and over the North Pole in summer. The deep cyclones are more frequent in winter, and the number of weak cyclones peaks in summer. Overall, we find a good agreement of our tracking results across the different reanalyses. Regarding the frequency changes, we find strong decreases in the Barents Sea and along the Russian coast toward the North Pole and increases over most of the central Arctic Ocean and toward the Pacific in winter. Areas of increasing and decreasing frequencies are of similar size in winter. In summer there is a longish region of increase from the Laptev Sea toward Greenland, over the Canadian archipelago, and over some smaller regions west of Novaya Zemlya and over the Russia. The larger part of the Arctic experiences a frequency decrease. All the summer changes are found statistically unrelated to the winter patterns. In addition, the frequency changes are found unrelated to changes in cyclone depth and size. There is generally good agreement across the different reanalyses in the spatial patterns of the trend sign. However, the magnitudes of changes in a particular region may strongly differ across the data. ©2018. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.
    Print ISSN: 2169-897X
    Electronic ISSN: 2169-8996
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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