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  • 1
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    Stratospheric Moistening After 2000 (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-09-27
    Description: The significant climate feedback of stratospheric water vapor (SWV) necessitates quantitative estimates of SWV budget changes. Model simulations driven by the newest European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecast reanalysis ERA5, satellite observations from the Stratospheric Water and OzOne Satellite Homogenized data set, Microwave Limb Sounder, and in situ frost point hygrometer observations from Boulder all show substantial and persistent stratospheric moistening after a sharp drop in water vapor at the turn of the millennium. This moistening occurred mainly during 2000–2006 and SWV abundances then remained high over the last decade. We find strong positive trends in the Northern Hemisphere and weak negative trends over the South Pole, mainly during austral winter. Moistening of the tropical stratosphere after 2000 occurred during late boreal winter/spring, reached values of ∼0.2 ppm/decade, was well correlated with a warming of the cold point tropopause by ∼0.4 K/decade and can only be partially attributed to El Nino‐Southern Oscillation and volcanic eruptions.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: Water vapor is an effective greenhouse gas. Human‐induced climate change has led to warmer air in the troposphere, which consequently can hold more moisture, thus enhancing the greenhouse effect. The long‐term change in stratospheric water vapor (SWV) is less clear and currently under debate. Using satellite observations, balloon soundings and model simulations, we find an increase of SWV after 2000. This moistening occurred mainly during 2000–2006 and the stratospheric moisture content then remained high over the last decade. The increase of SWV is stronger in the Northern than in the Southern Hemisphere. Over the South Pole, a weak decrease was found. Moistening of the tropical stratosphere occurred mainly during late winter and spring, and was in line with warming of the tropical tropopause, the coldest region that separates the troposphere and stratosphere. Natural causes such as volcanic eruptions cannot completely explain this stratospheric moistening.
    Description: Key Points: Stratospheric moistening after 2000 is clearly detectable in ERA5‐driven simulations, satellite and in situ observations. Hemispheric asymmetry is found with strong positive trends in the Northern Hemisphere and weak negative trends over the South Pole. Moistening of the lower tropical stratosphere is only partially caused by El Nino‐Southern Oscillation and volcanic eruptions.
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5067/Aura/MLS/DATA2508
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5067/GLOSSAC-L3-V2.0
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5067/GLOSSAC-L3-V2.0
    Keywords: ddc:551.6
    Language: English
    Type: doc-type:article
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    CITATION GEO-LEO
  • 2
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    GRACILE: A comprehensive climatology of atmospheric gravity wave parameters based on satellite limb soundings, link to data in NetCDF format (2017)
    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Ern, Manfred; Trinh, Quang Thai; Preusse, Peter; Gille, John C; Mlynczak, Martin G; Russell III, James M; Riese, Martin (2018): GRACILE: a comprehensive climatology of atmospheric gravity wave parameters based on satellite limb soundings. Earth System Science Data, 10(2), 857-892, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-857-2018
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-13
    Description: Gravity waves are one of the main drivers of atmospheric dynamics. The spatial resolution of most global atmospheric models, however, is too coarse to properly resolve the small scales of gravity waves, which range from tens to a few thousand kilometers horizontally, and from below 1 km to tens of kilometers vertically. Gravity wave source processes involve even smaller scales. Therefore, general circulation models (GCMs) and chemistry climate models (CCMs) usually parametrize the effect of gravity waves on the global circulation. These parametrizations are very simplified. For this reason, comparisons with global observations of gravity waves are needed for an improvement of parametrizations and an alleviation of model biases. We present a gravity wave climatology based on atmospheric infrared limb emissions observed by satellite (GRACILE). GRACILE is a global data set of gravity wave distributions observed in the stratosphere and the mesosphere by the infrared limb sounding satellite instruments High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder (HIRDLS) and Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER). Typical distributions (zonal averages and global maps) of gravity wave vertical wavelengths and along-track horizontal wavenumbers are provided, as well as gravity wave temperature variances, potential energies and absolute momentum fluxes. This global data set captures the typical seasonal variations of these parameters, as well as their spatial variations. The GRACILE data set is suitable for scientific studies, and it can serve for comparison with other instruments (ground based, airborne, or other satellite instruments) and for comparison with gravity wave distributions, both resolved and parametrized, in GCMs and CCMs.
    Type: Dataset
    Format: application/x-netcdf, 44.3 MBytes
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    DATA PANGAEA
  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Gini-index as a Measure of the Goodness of Prediction (1997)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 49 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Predicting the mean life of a cohort while its survival process is still ongoing requires that the mean residual life at the prediction date be estimated. Under reasonable assumptions about these estimates, it is shown that the mean prediction error over the whole process is intimately related to the Gini-index of lives in the cohort.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8586.00030
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Die Dauer der Arbeitslosigkeit in Österreich 1966 bis 1977 (1979)
    Springer
    Empirica 6 (1979), S. 3-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6911
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Summary Once a year at a fixed date the unemployed are classified according to the length of time they have been on the register. This measures of duration has two major drawbacks: -only the lenght of time up to the date of this survey is indicated -persons with long spells of unemployment are systematically overrepresented in the sample of unemployed on the register at any fixed date. These drawbacks can be eliminated by using stock/flow relationships. Combining data from the yearly survey with data on the outflow from the register one can calculate the average duration of completed spells of unemployment for all persons leaving the register within a year. The available official data are just sufficient to perform this task. This measure of duration is related to the rate of unemployment via the turnoverrate. The empirical results for Austria show that the average duration of completed spells of unemployment for all persons leaving the register within a year is considerably smaller than the average duration for the stock of unemployed as calculated from the official count. This result holds for men as well as women. Significant cyclical changes of the average duration are observed for men only. In conjuntion with changes in turnover they account for the variations in the rate of male unemployment. For women changes of the rate of unemployment reflect mainly changes in the turnover rate. The differences between the male and female rate of unemployment can be attributed to both longer spells and higher turnover rates for women. Compared to the USA, Sweden and Germany, these differences are rather high.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00929591
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measuring the severity of unemployment (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of economics 67 (1998), S. 167-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-7134
    Keywords: social welfare ; stochastic dominance ; hardship of unemployment ; D63 ; J60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract A social-welfare (illfare) function framework is applied to compare two demographic groups as to the severity of their unemployment experience. This is based on the assumption that for each individual the disutility of unemployment is an increasing and convex function of spell length. The very concept of spell length and its distribution, however, is not unambiguous. In contrast to previous literature which focuses exclusively on the “interrupted spell length in a stock of unemployed”, we stress the usefulness of the concept of “complete spell length in a cohort of unemployed”. We establish an equivalence relationship between second-degree dominance in the cohort and first-degree dominance in the stock. For specific illfare functions the disutilityU(x) when applied to the cohort and the disutilityU′(x) when applied to the stock will produce the same value of aggregate welfare (illfare).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01236068
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 6
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    Regionally Resolved Diagnostic of Transport: A Simplified Forward Model for CO2 (2017)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-08-01
    Description: Simply diagnostic tools are useful for understanding transport processes in complex chemistry transport models (CTMs). For this purpose, a combined use of the airmass origin fractions (AOFs) and regionally resolved mean ages (RMAs) is presented. This approach merges the concept of the origin of air with the well-known theory of the mean age of air (AoA) for different regions covering the whole Earth. The authors show how the AoA calculated relative to Earth’s surface can be decomposed into regionally resolved components (i.e., into RMAs). Using both AOFs and RMAs, the authors discuss differences in the seasonality of transport from the Northern and Southern Hemispheres into the tropical tropopause layer (TTL), the asymmetries of the interhemispheric exchange, and differences in relation to the continental or oceanic origin of air. Furthermore, a simplified transport model for a chemically passive species (tracer) is formulated that has some potential to approximate the full transport within a CTM. This analytic approach uses the AOFs as well as the RMAs as parameters to propagate a tracer prescribed on Earth’s surface (lower boundary condition). This method is exactly valid for sources that change linearly with time in each of the considered regions. The authors analyze how well this approach approximates the propagation of CO2 from the planetary boundary layer (PBL) into the whole atmosphere. The CO2 values in the PBL are specified by the CarbonTracker dataset. The authors discuss how this approach can be used for inverse modeling of CO2.
    Print ISSN: 0022-4928
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-0469
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by American Meteorological Society
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    PAPER CURRENT
  • 7
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    Scattering in infrared radiative transfer: A comparison between the spectrally averaging model JURASSIC and the line-by-line model KOPRA (2013)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-09-01
    Print ISSN: 0022-4073
    Electronic ISSN: 1879-1352
    Topics: Physics
    Published by Elsevier
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  • 8
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    Dehydration and low ozone in the tropopause layer over the Asian monsoon caused by tropical cyclones: Lagrangian transport calculations using ERA-Interim and ERA5 reanalysis data (2020)
    Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-04-07
    Description: Low ozone and high water vapour mixing ratios are common features in the Asian summer monsoon (ASM) anticyclone; however, low ozone and low water vapour values were observed near the tropopause over Kunming, China, within the ASM using balloon-borne measurements performed during the SWOP (sounding water vapour, ozone, and particle) campaign in August 2009 and 2015. Here, we investigate low ozone and water vapour signatures in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) using FengYun-2D, FengYun-2G, and Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) satellite measurements and backward trajectory calculations. Trajectories with kinematic and diabatic vertical velocities were calculated using the Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS) trajectory module driven by both ERA-Interim and ERA5 reanalysis data. All trajectory calculations show that air parcels with low ozone and low water vapour values in the UTLS over Kunming measured by balloon-borne instruments originate from the western Pacific boundary layer. Deep convection associated with tropical cyclones over the western Pacific transports ozone-poor air from the marine boundary layer to the cold tropopause region. Subsequently, these air parcels are mixed into the strong easterlies on the southern side of the Asian summer monsoon anticyclone. Air parcels are dehydrated when passing the lowest temperature region (
    Print ISSN: 1680-7316
    Electronic ISSN: 1680-7324
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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  • 9
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    A comparison of OH nightglow volume emission rates as measured by SCIAMACHY and SABER (2020)
    Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-06-10
    Description: Hydroxyl (OH) short-wave infrared emissions arising from OH(4-2, 5-2, 8-5, 9-6) as measured by channel 6 of the SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIAMACHY) are used to derive concentrations of OH(v=4, 5, 8, and 9) between 80 and 96 km. Retrieved concentrations are used to simulate OH(5-3, 4-2) integrated radiances at 1.6 µm and OH(9-7, 8-6) at 2.0 µm as measured by the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) instrument, which are not fully covered by the spectral range of SCIAMACHY measurements. On average, SABER “unfiltered” data are on the order of 40 % at 1.6 µm and 20 % at 2.0 µm larger than the simulations using SCIAMACHY data. “Unfiltered” SABER data are a product, which accounts for the shape, width, and transmission of the instrument's broadband filters, which do not cover the full ro-vibrational bands of the corresponding OH transitions. It is found that the discrepancy between SCIAMACHY and SABER data can be reduced by up to 50 %, if the filtering process is carried out manually using published SABER interference filter characteristics and the latest Einstein coefficients from the HITRAN database. Remaining differences are discussed with regard to model parameter uncertainties and radiometric calibration.
    Print ISSN: 1867-1381
    Electronic ISSN: 1867-8548
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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  • 10
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    Removing spurious inertial instability signals from gravity wave temperature perturbations using spectral filtering methods (2020)
    Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-09-18
    Description: Gravity waves are important drivers of dynamic processes in particular in the middle atmosphere. To analyse atmospheric data for gravity wave signals, it is essential to separate gravity wave perturbations from atmospheric variability due to other dynamic processes. Common methods to separate small-scale gravity wave signals from a large-scale background are separation methods depending on filters in either the horizontal or vertical wavelength domain. However, gravity waves are not the only process that could lead to small-scale perturbations in the atmosphere. Recently, concerns have been raised that vertical wavelength filtering can lead to misinterpretation of other wave-like perturbations, such as inertial instability effects, as gravity wave perturbations. In this paper we assess the ability of different spectral background removal approaches to separate gravity waves and inertial instabilities using artificial inertial instability perturbations, global model data and satellite observations. We investigate a horizontal background removal (which applies a zonal wavenumber filter with additional smoothing of the spectral components in meridional and vertical direction), a sophisticated filter based on 2D time–longitude spectral analysis (see Ern et al., 2011) and a vertical wavelength Butterworth filter. Critical thresholds for the vertical wavelength and zonal wavenumber are analysed. Vertical filtering has to cut deep into the gravity wave spectrum in order to remove inertial instability remnants from the perturbations (down to 6 km cutoff wavelength). Horizontal filtering, however, removes inertial instability remnants in global model data at wavenumbers far lower than the typical gravity wave scales for the case we investigated. Specifically, a cutoff zonal wavenumber of 6 in the stratosphere is sufficient to eliminate inertial instability structures. Furthermore, we show that for infrared limb-sounding satellite profiles it is possible as well to effectively separate perturbations of inertial instabilities from those of gravity waves using a cutoff zonal wavenumber of 6. We generalize the findings of our case study by examining a 1-year time series of SABER (Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry) data.
    Print ISSN: 1867-1381
    Electronic ISSN: 1867-8548
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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