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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    N2 fixation in Thai soybeans: Effect of tillage and inoculation on15N-determined N2 fixation in recommended cultivars and advanced breeding lines (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 112 (1988), S. 183-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: 15N isotope dilution ; Bradyrhizobium japonicum ; Glycine max
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The practice of seeding soybeans following paddy rice in Thailand has encountered difficulties in seedling germination, nodulation and crop establishment. This research project evaluated the choice of a non-fixing control to quantify N2 fixation by15N isotope dilution, and the effect of tillage regime, soybean cultivar, strain ofBradyrhizobium japonicum and P fertilization on yield and N2 fixation after paddy rice in northern and central Thailand. Japanese non-nodulating lines Tol-0 and A62-2 were the most appropriatecontrol plants for15N isotope dilution for Thai soybeans in these soils which contained indigenous rhizobia. Cereals such as maize, sorghum and barley were also appropriate controls at some sites. The choice of the appropriate non-fixing control plant for the15N isotope dilution technique remains a dilemma and no alternative exists other than to use several possible controls with each experiment. Acetylene reduction assay (ARA) proved of little value for screening varieties on their N2 fixing capacity. The recommended Thai soybean cultivars (SJ1, 2, 4, 5) and an advanced line 16–4 differed little in their ability to support N2 fixation or yield, possibly due to similar breeding ancestry. The ten AVRDC (ASET) lines showed considerable genotypic control in their ability to utilize their three available N sources (soil, fertilizer, atmosphere) and to translate them into yields. None of these lines were consistently superior to Thai cultivars SJ4 or SJ5 although ASET lines 129, 209 and 217 showed considerable promise. Neither recommended Thai or ASET cultivars were affected by tillage regime. Zero tillage resulted in superior N2 fixation and yield at two sites but conventional tillage was superior at another site. Soybean cultivars grown in Thailand were well adapted to zero tillage. Levels of N2 fixation were similar to world figures, averaging more than 100 kg N ha−1 and supplying over 50% of the plant's N yield. However, seed yields seldom exceeded 2 t ha−1, well below yields for temperately-grown soybeans. It is not clear why Thai soybeans support N2 fixation, but do not translate this into higher seed yields.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02139994
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Selection of Rhizobium leguminosarum strains for lentil (Lens culinaris) under growth room and field conditions (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 121 (1990), S. 47-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: acetylene reduction ; grain yield ; N difference ; N2 fixation ; 15N-isotope dilution ; nodule ; Rhizobium ; selection parameters ; total N
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Most of the production of lentil (Lens culinaris) on the Great Plains occurs on soils that are free of indigenous Rhizobium leguminosarum. Inoculation is required to increase yields through N2 fixation. A screening program to evaluate the effectiveness of R. leguminosarum strains for lentil was initially carried out under controlled environments followed by an evaluation under field conditions. In two separate growth room experiments, the effectiveness of 185 and 24 different strains of R. leguminosarum were tested for Laird and Eston lentil. Significant differences between strains in number of nodules, shoot weight and nitrogenase activity (acetylene reduction activity, ARA) were found for lentil grown for 5 weeks. When lentil were grown for 7 weeks, significant differences between strains in number of nodules, total plant weight, total N, and % N were observed. Fourteen strains plus Nitragin ‘C’ inoculant were selected for further field testing on Eston and Laird lentil at two locations in 1986 and one site in 1987. Inoculation increased yield up to 135%. Percent Ndfa and total N2 fixed ranged from 0 to 76 and 0 to 105 kg ha-1, respectively. N2-fixing activity was site specific and higher spring soil NO3-levels resulted in lower N2-fixing activity. Depending on site and growing conditions, strains 99A1 and I-ICAR-SYR-Le20 appeared to be superior to the other strains tested. A good agreement was found between the estimates for N2 fixation based upon the 15N-isotope dilution and the classical N difference methods. Number of nodules, dry weight of nodules and ARA of Eston and Laird lentil grown under growth room conditions failed to show positive correlations with total dry matter production, total N or total N2 fixed of field grown lentil. However, total plant weight and total N of lentil grown under growth room conditions were highly correlated with field parameters, and were the most reliable screening parameters for the selection of superior rhizobial strains.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00013096
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Selection ofRhizobium leguminosarum strains for lentil (Lens culinaris) under growth room and field conditions (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 122 (1990), S. 47-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: acetylene reduction ; grain yield ; N difference ; N2 fixation ; 15N-isotope dilution ; nodule ; Rhizobium ; selection parameters ; total N
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Most of the production of lentil (Lens culinaris) on the Great Plains occurs on soils that are free of indigenousRhizobium leguminosarum. Inoculation is required to increase yields through N2 fixation. A screening program to evaluate the effectiveness ofR. leguminosarum strains for lentil was initially carried out under controlled environments followed by an evaluation under field conditions. In two separate growth room experiments, the effectiveness of 185 and 24 different strains ofR. leguminosarum were tested for Laird and Eston lentil. Significant differences between strains in number of nodules, shoot weight and nitrogenase activity (acetylene reduction activity, ARA) were found for lentil grown for 5 weeks. When lentil were grown for 7 weeks, significant differences between strains in number of nodules, total plant weight, total N, and % N were observed. Fourteen strains plus Nitragin ‘C’ inoculant were selected for further field testing on Eston and Laird lentil at two locations in 1986 and one site in 1987. Inoculation increased yield up to 135%. Percent Ndfa and total N2 fixed ranged from 0 to 76 and 0 to 105 kg ha-1, respectively. N2-fixing activity was site specific and higher spring soil NO3-levels resulted in lower N2-fixing activity. Depending on site and growing conditions, strains 99A1 and I-ICAR-SYR-Le20 appeared to be superior to the other strains tested. A good agreement was found between the estimates for N2 fixation based upon the15N-isotope dilution and the classical N difference methods. Number of nodules, dry weight of nodules and ARA of Eston and Laird lentil grown under growth room conditions failed to show positive correlations with total dry matter production, total N or total N2 fixed of field grown lentil. However, total plant weight and total N of lentil grown under growth room conditions were highly correlated with field parameters, and were the most reliable screening parameters for the selection of superior rhizobial strains.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02444103
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  • 4
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    Impact of Aeolus wind lidar observations on the representation of the West African monsoon circulation in the ECMWF and DWD forecasting systems (2023)
    John Wiley & Sons, Ltd | Chichester, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-17
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉〈italic toggle="no"〉Aeolus〈/italic〉 is the first satellite mission to acquire vertical profiles of horizontal line‐of‐sight winds globally and thus fills an important gap in the Global Observing System, most notably in the Tropics. This study explores the impact of this dataset on analyses and forecasts from the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) and Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD), focusing specifically on the West African Monsoon (WAM) circulation during the boreal summers of 2019 and 2020. The WAM is notoriously challenging to forecast and is characterized by prominent and robust large‐scale circulation features such as the African Easterly Jet North (AEJ‐North) and Tropical Easterly Jet (TEJ). Assimilating 〈italic toggle="no"〉Aeolus〈/italic〉 generally improves the prediction of zonal winds in both forecasting systems, especially for lead times above 24 h. These improvements are related to systematic differences in the representation of the two jets, with the AEJ‐North weakened at its southern flank in the western Sahel in the ECMWF analysis, while no obvious systematic differences are seen in the DWD analysis. In addition, the TEJ core is weakened in the ECMWF analysis and strengthened on its southern edge in the DWD analysis. The regions where the influence of 〈italic toggle="no"〉Aeolus〈/italic〉 on the analysis is greatest correspond to the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) region for ECMWF and generally the upper troposphere for DWD. In addition, we show the presence of an altitude‐ and orbit‐dependent bias in the Rayleigh‐clear channel, which causes the zonal winds to speed up and slow down diurnally. Applying a temperature‐dependent bias correction to this channel contributes to a more accurate representation of the diurnal cycle and improved prediction of the WAM winds. These improvements are encouraging for future investigations of the influence of 〈italic toggle="no"〉Aeolus〈/italic〉 data on African Easterly Waves and associated Mesoscale Convective Systems.〈/p〉
    Description: 〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Forecasting in tropical Africa is hampered by large model errors and low availability of conventional observations. The assimilation of 〈italic〉Aeolus〈/italic〉 wind data into the operational ECMWF system leads to a consistent root‐mean‐square error (RMSE) reduction of the order of 2% in +48 h zonal wind forecasts over the region during boreal summer 2019, including the African and Tropical Easterly Jets (AEJ, TEJ) and subtropical jets (STJ). 〈boxed-text position="anchor" id="qj4442-blkfxd-0001" content-type="graphic" xml:lang="en"〉〈graphic position="anchor" id="jats-graphic-1" xlink:href="urn:x-wiley:00359009:media:qj4442:qj4442-toc-0001"〉 〈/graphic〉 〈/boxed-text〉〈/p〉
    Description: https://aeolus-ds.eo.esa.int/oads/access/collection
    Keywords: ddc:551.6 ; aeolus satellite ; doppler wind lidar ; data assimilation ; numerical weather prediction impact ; African easterly jet ; tropical easterly jet ; observing system experiments
    Language: English
    Type: doc-type:article
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  • 5
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    Validation of the Aeolus L2B Rayleigh winds and ECMWF short‐range forecasts in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere using Loon super pressure balloon observations (2022)
    John Wiley & Sons, Ltd | Chichester, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-03
    Description: The novel Aeolus satellite, which carries the first Doppler wind lidar providing profiles of horizontal line‐of‐sight (HLOS) winds, addresses a significant gap in direct wind observations in the global observing system. The gap is particularly critical in the tropical upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS). This article validates the Aeolus Rayleigh–clear wind product and short‐range forecasts of the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) with highly accurate winds from the Loon super pressure balloon network at altitudes between 16 and 20 km. Data from 229 individual balloon flights are analysed, applying a collocation criterion of 2 hr and 200 km. The comparison of Aeolus and Loon data shows systematic and random errors of -0.31 and 6.37 m·s〈sup〉-1〈/sup〉, respectively, for the Aeolus Rayleigh–clear winds. The horizontal representativeness error of Aeolus HLOS winds (nearly the zonal wind component) in the UTLS ranges from 0.6–1.1 m·s〈sup〉-1〈/sup〉 depending on the altitude. The comparison of Aeolus and Loon datasets against ECMWF model forecasts suggests that the model systematically underestimates the HLOS winds in the tropical UTLS by about 1 m·s〈sup〉-1〈/sup〉. While Aeolus winds are currently considered as point winds by the ECMWF data assimilation system, the results of the present study demonstrate the need for a more realistic HLOS wind observation operator for assimilating Aeolus winds.
    Keywords: ddc:551.6 ; Aeolus ; data assimilation ; ECMWF forecasts ; HLOS winds ; Loon ; super pressure balloon observations ; systematic and random errors
    Language: English
    Type: doc-type:article
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    CITATION GEO-LEO
  • 6
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    STANDARD ISOTOPE VERSUS NITROGEN BALANCE CRITERIA FOR ASSESSING THE EFFICIENCY OF NITROGEN SOURCES FOR BARLEY (1973)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 1973-02-01
    Description: Nitrogen balance (fertilizer N accounted for in the soil–plant system) and standard isotope (obtained on above-ground plant parts) criteria were used to evaluate the efficiency of nitrogen sources for barley grown on a Chernozemic and a Solonetzic soil under greenhouse conditions. The isotope criteria, percent total N in the plant tissue derived from fertilizer (% N d.f.f.), "A" values, and uptake of fertilizer N by the crop, clearly indicated the superiority, in terms of plant availability, of the NO3−-N source, followed by NH4+-N, with urea the least effective. In contrast, loss of nitrogen from the soil–plant system was greatest for the NO3−-N and least for the urea (i.e., 67 vs. 26% on the Solonetzic soil). Such conflicting results can be explained on the basis of slow hydrolysis of the urea and rapid plant uptake of N from the NO3−-N form. It is concluded that, although isotope-derived criteria such as % N d.f.f., A values, and uptake by the crop of fertilizer N provide precise measurements of the performance of N sources, serious errors in causative factors may be made unless "nitrogen balance" data are available. The significance of primary and corrected (rate of fertilizer N application corrected for fertilizer N loss) A values are discussed.
    Print ISSN: 0008-4271
    Electronic ISSN: 1918-1841
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Canadian Science Publishing
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  • 7
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    DINITROGEN FIXATION OF LENTIL, FIELD PEA AND FABABEAN UNDER DRYLAND CONDITIONS (1988)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 1988-08-01
    Description: Annual grain legume production has increased substantially in Western Canada over the past 15 yr but more information on the N2-fixing potential of these crops is needed. 15N isotope dilution was used to determine N2 fixation of several grain legumes under dryland field conditions in Saskatchewan. Two cultivars of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik), pea (Pisum sativum L.), and fababean (Vicia faba L.) were grown at five locations in both 1984 and 1985, with all major soil zones represented by at least one location in each year. Drought stress was moderate to severe at all sites in 1984 and at sites in the Brown and Dark Brown soil zones in 1985. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were nearly identical as non-N2-fixing reference crops, but their validity as reference crops for the grain legumes included in this study was not tested. Indigenous rhizobia were incapable of supporting adequate levels of N2 fixation at most sites in this study. Inoculation increased total dry matter, total N and N2 fixation of all grain legume cultivars tested. Proportion of N assimilated from the atmosphere declined with increasing soil nitrate levels and increasing drought stress. Annual rates of N2 fixation were as high as 75, 105 and 160 kg N ha−1 for lentil, pea and fababean, respectively, at sites in the Gray and Gray-Black soil zones in 1985, but declined by an average of 5.3, 7.6 and 10.5 kg N ha−1, respectively, for every cm reduction in moisture use. Maximum rates of N2 fixation in 1984 were about 80 kg ha−1. Fababean fixed the most N2 under wetter conditions, while pea and lentil fixed the most under drought stressed conditions. Key words: 15N isotope dilution, dinitrogen fixation, lentil, pea, fababean, drought stress
    Print ISSN: 0008-4271
    Electronic ISSN: 1918-1841
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Canadian Science Publishing
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  • 8
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    Selection of Rhizobium leguminosarum strains for lentil (Lens culinaris) under growth room and field conditions (1990)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0032-079X
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-5036
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Springer
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  • 9
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    N2 fixation in Thai soybeans: Effect of tillage and inoculation on15N-determined N2 fixation in recommended cultivars and advanced breeding lines (1988)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1988-12-01
    Print ISSN: 0032-079X
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-5036
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Springer
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  • 10
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    Selection ofRhizobium leguminosarum strains for lentil (Lens culinaris) under growth room and field conditions (1990)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-02-01
    Print ISSN: 0032-079X
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-5036
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Springer
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