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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spatial and seasonal distribution of organic amendments affecting methane emission from Chinese rice fields (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 22 (1996), S. 191-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Methane emission ; Wetland rice ; Fertilization ; Mitigation of greenhouse gases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of fertilizers on methane emission rates was investigated using an automated closed chamber system in Chinese rice fields (Human Province). Each of three experiments compared two fields treated with a first uniform fertilizer dose and a second fertilizer dose which was different for each of the two fields. The uniform fertilizer doses for both fields in each experiment comprised mineral (experiment 1), organic (experiment 2) and combined mineral plus organic components (experiment 3). In all three experiments the second fertilizer dose comprised organic amendments for field 1 and no organic amendments for field 2. The rate of increase in methane emission with a given amount of organic manure was found to depend on the total amount of organic manure applied. A single dose of organic manure increased the emission rates by factors of 2.7 to 4.1 as compared to fields without organic manure (experiment 1). In rice fields that had already been treated with organic manure, the application of a second dose of organic manure only slightly enhanced the emission rates in experiment 2 by factors of 1.1 to 1.5 and showed no detectable increase in experiment 3. The net reduction achieved by separation of organic and mineral fertilizers was maximized by concentrating the organic amendments in the season with low emission rates, i.e. early rice, and using exclusively mineral fertilizers on late rice when emission rates were generally higher. This distribution pattern, which was not associated with significant yield losses, resulted in an annual methane emission corresponding to only 56% of the methane emitted from fields treated with blended fertilizers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00382511
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Glutathione S-transferase activity in spruce needles
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 37 (1990), S. 211-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 0048-3575
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-3575(90)90127-N
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Fate of Excess Sulfur in Higher Plants (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Plant Physiology 35 (1984), S. 121-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4294
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pp.35.060184.001005
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Life-long growth of Quercus ilex L. at natural CO2 springs acclimates sulphur, nitrogen and carbohydrate metabolism of the progeny to elevated pCO2 (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 25 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The aim of the present study was to analyse whether offspring of mature Quercus ilex trees grown under life-long elevated pCO2 show alterations in the physiological response to elevated pCO2 in comparison with those originating from mature trees grown at current ambient pCO2. To investigate changes in C- (for changes in photosynthesis, biomass and lignin see Polle, McKee & Blaschke Plant, Cell and Environment 24, 1075–1083, 2001), N-, and S-metabolism soluble sugar, soluble non-proteinogenic nitrogen compounds (TSNN), nitrate reductase (NR), thiols, adenosine 5′-phosphosulphate (APS) reductase, and anions were analysed. For this purpose Q. ilex seedlings were grown from acorns of mother tree stands at a natural spring site (elevated pCO2) and a control site (ambient pCO2) of the Laiatico spring, Central Italy. Short-term elevated pCO2 exposure of the offspring of control oaks lead to higher sugar contents in stem tissues, to a reduced TSNN content in leaves, and basipetal stem tissues, to diminished thiol contents in all tissues analysed, and to reduced APS reductase activity in both, leaves and roots. Most of the components of C-, N- and S-metabolism including APS reductase activity which were reduced due to short-term elevated pCO2 exposure were recovered by life-long growth under elevated pCO2 in the offspring of spring oaks. Still TSNN contents in phloem exudates increased, nitrate contents in lateral roots and glutathione in leaves and phloem exudates remained reduced in these plants. The present results demonstrated that metabolic adaptations of Q. ilex mother trees to elevated pCO2 can be passed to the next generation. Short- and long-term effects on source-to-sink relation and physiological and genetic acclimation to elevated pCO2 are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.2002.00948.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Impact of waterlogging on the N-metabolism of flood tolerant and non-tolerant tree species (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 25 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The present study was conducted to characterize the N-metabolism of important European tree species with different degrees of flooding tolerance. The roots of Fagus sylvatica (sensitive to flooding), Quercus robur (moderately flood tolerant) and Populus tremula × P. alba (flood tolerant) saplings were exposed to different flooding regimes and N uptake, amino acid, protein and chlorophyll concentrations as well as gas exchange were measured. The effects of these treatments on the tree species varied distinctly. In general, the N metabolism of beech was severely affected whereas less impacts were observed on oaks and almost no effects on poplars. The concentrations of amino compounds, particularly of Asp, Asn, Glu and Gln, were lower in the roots of flooded trees than in controls. By contrast, γ-amino butyric acid concentrations increased. Root protein concentrations remained unaffected in oak and poplar but decreased in beech in response to flooding. The concentrations of pigments remained unaffected by flooding in all tree species investigated. However, photosynthesis and transpiration were severely affected in beech but much less in oak and poplar. The data obtained show a clear correlation between the different flooding tolerances of the trees investigated and the impacts of flooding on N uptake and N metabolism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.2002.00886.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interactive effects of elevated atmospheric CO2, mycorrhization and drought on long-distance transport of reduced sulphur in young pedunculate oak trees (Quercus robur L.) (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 21 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) was germinated and grown under nutrient non-limiting conditions for a total of 10–15 weeks at ambient CO2 concentration and 1100 μmol mol–1 CO2 either in the presence or the absence of the mycorrhizal fungus Laccaria laccata. Half of the oak trees of these treatments were exposed to drought during final growth by suspending the water supply for 21 d. Mycorrhization and elevated atmospheric CO2 each enhanced total plant biomass per tree. Whereas additional biomass accumulation of trees grown under elevated CO2 was mainly attributed to increased growth of lateral roots, mycorrhization promoted shoot growth. Water deficiency reduced biomass accumulation without affecting relative water content, but this effect was more pronounced in mycorrhizal as compared to non-mycorrhizal trees. Elevated CO2 partially prevented the development of drought stress, as indicated by leaf water potential, but did not counteract the negative effects of water deficiency on growth during the time studied. Enhanced biomass accumulation requires adaption in protein synthesis and, as a consequence, enhanced allocation of reduced sulphur produced in the leaves to growing tissues. Therefore, allocation of reduced sulphur from oak leaves was studied by flap-feeding radiolabelled GSH, the main long-distance transport form of reduced sulphur, to mature oak leaves. Export of radiolabel proceeded almost exclusively in basipetal direction to the roots. The rate of export of radioactivity out of the fed leaves was significantly enhanced under elevated CO2, irrespective of mycorrhization. A higher proportion of the exported GSH was transported to the roots than to basipetal stem sections under elevated CO2 as compared to ambient CO2. Mycorrhization did not affect 35S export out of the fed leaves, but the distribution of radiolabel between stem and roots was altered in preference of the stem. Trees exposed to drought did not show appreciable export of the 35S radioactivity fed to the leaves when grown under ambient CO2. Apparently, drought inhibited basipetal transport of reduced sulphur at the level of phloem loading and/or phloem transport. Elevated CO2 seemed to counteract this effect of drought stress to some extent, since higher leaf water potentials and improved 35S export out of the fed leaves was observed in oak trees exposed to drought and elevated CO2 as compared to trees exposed to drought and ambient CO2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.1998.00337.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regulation of nitrogen uptake by Fagus sylvatica on a whole plant level – interactions between cytokinins and soluble N compounds (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 26 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Pedospheric nitrate uptake is a strongly regulated process adapted to the N demand of the whole plant. Pre-requisites for an integrating regulatory system are signal substances communicating the N demand of the shoot to the roots. In the current study it was shown that an additional atmospheric N source results in activation of cytokinins in the shoot as indicated by an increase in the trans-hydroxylation ratio, and in increased shoot-to-root transport of cytokinins in the phloem. Phloem mobility and basipetal transport of cytokinins were also demonstrated by feeding zeatin riboside into the phloem. The resulting enrichment of cytokinins in the roots caused an increased expression of a high-affinity nitrate transporter, the enrichment of amino compounds (Glu, Val, Phe, Lys) in the fine roots and a significant decrease in nitrate net uptake. Significant enrichment in amino acids – accompanied by decreased nitrate net uptake but not by increased expression of the high-affinity nitrate transporter – was also observed when Gln the major long-distance transport form of nitrogen in beech was fed into the phloem. These results provide experimental evidence that, in addition to amino compounds, cytokinins that are known to cycle within the plant are also communicating changes in N metabolism from the shoot to the roots. Apparently increased cytokinin contents in the root can transiently increase nitrate uptake, but this up-regulation may be overridden by transcriptional and post-transcriptional down-regulation mediated by amino compounds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.2003.01079.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Carbon and oxygen isotope composition of organic compounds in the phloem sap provides a short-term measure for stomatal conductance of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 26 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: At eight different dates during the 2000 growing season, δ13C and δ18O were determined in the phloem of adult beech trees growing in natural beech stands in south-west Germany differing in stand density and local climate. In addition, stand transpiration, precipitation, photosynthetic active radiation, relative air humidity, water pressure deficit of the air, air and soil temperature, soil water potential, and sugar concentration of the phloem sap were determined directly and evaporation and canopy stomatal conductance were modelled. All parameters were related to δ13C. The study aimed to identify the time integral within which the δ13C of organic compounds transported in the phloem is an indicative measure of these environmental influences. δ13C of soluble carbon transported in the phloem was well correlated with mean stomatal conductance in a two-day integral prior to phloem sampling but did not depend on either light intensity or soil water availability. A strong positive relationship between δ13C and δ18O pointed to observed variation in δ13C of phloem sap being a result of variation in stomatal conductance. Bulk leaf δ13C was a poor indicator of changes in environmental conditions during the growing season. From these results we conclude that the analysis of δ13C in soluble carbon transported in the phloem is a reliable indicator of short-term changes in Ci/Ca. In contrast, the δ13C of structural carbon in beech foliage represents an integration of a range of factors that mask short-term influences responsible for Ci/Ca.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.2003.01040.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cell-specific measurement of cytosolic glutathione in poplar leaves (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 26 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The level of glutathione (GSH) in plants is important in defence reactions against biotic and abiotic stresses and can place considerable demand of the sulphur assimilation pathway. Enzymes involved in sulphur assimilation and GSH metabolism are not evenly distributed between different subcellular compartments or between different cell types in leaves or roots; however, there is little information on the effect that such asymmetries have on the actual GSH concentration in each compartment or cell type. In the present study in situ labelling with monochlorobimane (MCB) in combination with confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to quantify GSH in each of the main cell types of poplar leaves from fluorescence of the GSB conjugate formed. Comparison of results from the in situ approach with total GSH levels measured in vitro by high-performance liquid chromatography suggested that only the cytosolic GSH pool was labelled using this approach. This suggests that an appropriate GST was not present within the chloroplasts to catalyse the conjugation reaction and that chloroplastic GSH does not rapidly exchange with the cytoplasmic pool under the conditions of the assay. Cytosolic GSH levels were between 0.2 and 0.3 mm for both photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic (epidermal) cell types in wild-type poplar leaves. Cytosolic levels increased by around two-fold in transgenic poplars over-expressing bacterial γ-glutamylsynthetase (γ-ECS) in the cytosol of all cell types, but there was no concomitant increase in the chloroplastic GSH pool.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.2003.01031.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Impact of gas transport through rice cultivars on methane emission from rice paddy fields (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Two Italian rice (Oryza sativa var. japonica) cultivars, Lido and Roma, were tested in the field for methane production, oxidation and emission. In two consecutive years, fields planted with the rice cultivar Lido showed methane emissions 24–31% lower than fields planted with the cultivar Roma. This difference was observed irrespective of fertilizer treatment. In contrast to methane emissions, differences in methane production or oxidation were not observed between fields planted with the two cultivars. Plant-mediated transport of methane from the sediment to the atmosphere was the dominating pathway of methane emission. During the entire vegetation period, the contribution of this pathway to total methane emission amounted to c. 90%, whereas the contribution of gas bubble release and of diffusion through the water column to total methane emission was of minor significance. Results obtained from transport studies of tracer gas through the aerenchyma system of rice plants demonstrated that the root–shoot transition zone is the main site of resistance to plant-mediated gas exchange between the soil and the atmosphere. The cultivar Lido, showing relatively low methane emissions in the field, had a significantly lower gas transport capacity through the aerenchyma system than the cultivar Roma. Thus, the observed differences in methane emissions in the field between the cultivars Lido and Roma can be explained by different gas transport capacities. Apparently, these differences in gas transport capacities are a consequence of differences in morphology of the aerenchyma systems, especially in the root–shoot transition zone. It is, therefore, concluded that identification and use of high-yielding rice cultivars which have a low gas transport capacity represent an economically feasible, environmentally sound and promising approach to mitigating methane emissons from rice paddy fields.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.1997.d01-142.x
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