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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A first numerical simulation of the development and structure of the sea breeze on the Island of Mallorca (1995)
    Springer
    Annales geophysicae 13 (1995), S. 981-994 
    Details
    ISSN: 0992-7689
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A numerical study of the development and structure of the sea breeze in Mallorca is presented using a meso-〈beta〉 numerical model. The model includes a detailed representation of the soil and vegetation processes. The study covers a diurnal cycle. The results show that the model reproduces the main known features of the circulation and new ones appear, which seem to have an appreciable effect on the circulation during the decay of the sea breeze. The orography and soil dryness have been identified as the main factors determining the structure of the breeze. Three more experiments have been performed in order to isolate the effect of each factor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-995-0981-3
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    First considerations on the structure and development of the Iberian thermal low-pressure system (1994)
    Springer
    Annales geophysicae 12 (1994), S. 457-468 
    Details
    ISSN: 0992-7689
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract During the summer a thermal low-pressure system is locked over the Iberian Peninsula. We present a first analysis of such a system using the potential vorticity approach. Our results show that its main characteristic is the existence of a negative potential vorticity (PV) dome and a funnel-like structure for potential temperature, both located at the centre of the low. The build-up and evolution of this PV dome can be understood in terms of the dot products of the absolute vorticity and the gradient of diabetic heating vectors and the curl of the friction forces and the gradient of potential temperature vectors. The inhibition of the Algerian Mediterranean cyclogenesis during the summer seems to bear some relation to the existence of this kind of low-pressure disturbance over the Iberian Peninsula.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-994-0457-x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A numerical study of the transport and diffusion of coastal pollutants during the breeze cycle in the Island of Mallorca (1996)
    Springer
    Annales geophysicae 14 (1996), S. 351-363 
    Details
    ISSN: 0992-7689
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An Eulerian study of the distribution over the Island of Mallorca of a non-reactive pollutant (SO2) emitted from an electric power plant operating at present on the north coast is performed using a meso-〈beta〉 numerical model, paying particular attention to the diffusive physical mechanisms. The study is applied to the conditions of sea-land breeze development. This is a local circulation that dominates the flow during the summer and favours transporting pollutants from the coast toward the centre of the island. Results indicate that values of the ground-level concentration higher than 5 〈mu〉g/m3 are restricted over a limited and mountainous region during the whole diurnal cycle. However, when the simulation is carried out with the inclusion of a twin electric plant which may be built on the south coast, the affected area becomes larger, especially early in the morning, when air over the island is sinking as a consequence of the land breeze development. The inclusion of dry deposition in the simulations does not produce important changes in the spatial and temporal evolution of the ground-level concentration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-996-0351-9
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sea breeze in Mallorca. A numerical study (1990)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 42 (1990), S. 249-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Summary The Spanish island of Mallorca is located almost in the centre of the western Mediterranean. Very often from April to October, and almost every day during the summer, the sea breeze circulation develops. The shape and the topography of the island determine that the main characteristic feature of the sea breeze is the existence of a convergence line in the centre of the island. In this paper we describe the sea breeze circulation. A very simple non-eulerian numerical model allows us to simulate the evolution of the circulation during 24 hours.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01314828
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Performance of two cumulus convection parameterizations for two heavy precipitation events in the Western Mediterranean (1998)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 66 (1998), S. 197-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Summary A set of mesoscale numerical simulations using the Emanuel and Kain-Fritsch deep convection schemes has been performed in order to determine the sensitivity of the forecast-especially, the rainfall-to the scheme used. The study is carried out for two cases of heavy precipitation in the coastal zone of the Western Mediterranean, where the topographic forcing is of primary influence. The first one, characterized by an almost stationary synoptic situation, is dominated by warm, moist advection at low levels; the second one, of frontal type, presents a much stronger dynamic forcing at upper levels. Although the comparison attempt is conditioned by the limited number of considered cases, the numerical results provide at least some preliminary conclusions. The inclusion of a convective scheme improves the forecast precipitation, through two actions: directly, producing more realistic rainfall patterns in areas of convection; indirectly, avoiding excessive precipitation in areas with orographic or dynamical upward forcing by drying and stabilizing the atmosphere upstream. In particular, the Kain-Fritsch scheme seems to be more sensitive to the orographic forcing, in agreement with observations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01026633
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Case of Convection Development over the Western Mediterranean Sea: A Study through Numerical Simulations (1999)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 71 (1999), S. 169-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Summary  A convective case producing heavy precipitation in the western Mediterranean region, characterized by pronounced upper level forcing and main rainfall over the sea, is studied. On the day of the event (September 28th, 1994), more than 140 mm of precipitation were recorded in coastal lands of eastern Spain, and 180 mm were estimated over the sea with radar data. Synoptically, the case appears to combine warm and moist easterly advection at low levels, typically observed in torrential rainfall events of the region, with a less common strong upper level dynamical forcing. A set of mesoscale numerical simulations using the Hirlam model is performed to investigate the mechanisms responsible for the convection development, and to assess the influence of the orography on the rainfall field. Model output diagnosis indicates that in addition to the lower level forcing, a two-jets interaction is decisive for the triggering and driving of the convection during the event. Moreover, a non-topographic simulation reveals a relatively weak influence of the orography on this event when compared with other similar heavy precipitation cases in eastern Spain. Previous studies have shown an orographic influence of more than 90% on the rainfall whereas in this case about 50% of the precipitation over the area is attributed to the orographic forcing. The study is extended with an analysis of the individual effects of the Atlas and Iberian Peninsula, by means of a factor separation technique. It is shown that the Atlas range induces a redistribution of the precipitation over the Mediterranean, whereas local enhancements can be attributed to the Iberian topography.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007030050054
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diagnosis and numerical simulation of a torrential precipitation event in Catalonia (Spain) (1998)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 69 (1998), S. 1-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Summary A torrential precipitation event occurred in Catalonia (northeastern part of Spain) during 9 and 10 October 1994. More than 400mm were registered in the south of Catalonia. A diagnostic study shows that most of the ingredients to produce heavy rain (large scale upward vertical motion, instability, high moisture content in all the troposphere) were present over the Spanish coast and western Mediterranean. Mesoscale triggering mechanisms have been associated with the orographic forcing, not only through physical lifting of moist air by the coastal mountains, but also by the redistribution of the surface pressure field induced by the Atlas and Pyrenees ranges. A numerical simulation of the event using a meso-β model has been performed. The model forecasts qualitatively well the rainfall distribution but underestimates the maximum rainfalls. The effects of the orography and the evaporation from the sea have been also studied. The simulations have shown that the action of the orography is decisive for the rainfall, pressure and wind distrbutions over the Spanish coast and the western Mediterranean. The isolated action of the evaporation turns to be much less important. However the combined effect of orography and evaporation is the most important factor in the areas where the greatest amount of rainfall occurred.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01025180
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Storm Tracking and Monitoring Using Objective Synoptic Diagnosis and Cluster Identification from Infrared Meteosat Imagery: A Case Study (1999)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 71 (1999), S. 139-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Summary  The present paper investigates the potential of combining image processing techniques based on cluster analysis of infrared (IR) Meteosat images with dynamic meteorological theory on synoptic systems. From this last point of view the highest probability of deep convective development is favoured where the overlapping of four mechanisms acting at synoptic scale is produced: upward quasi-geostrophic forcing, convergence of water vapour at low levels, convective instability in the lower troposphere and great convective available potential energy. Cloud tracking is performed over sequences of Meteosat IR images by using a shape parameterisation approach after appropriate filtering for non-significant clouds and automated identification of convective systems. The integrated methodology is applied to the case study of the heavy rainfall event which produced floods in the South of France and the North of Italy on September 27–28th, 1992. The analysis focuses on the monitoring and explanation of the zones most affected by heavy rainfall with the aim of investigating possible improvements of the predictive potential of cloud tracking and allowing identification of the areas which most lend themselves to flash floods for use in operational flood forecasting applications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007030050052
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparative study between two cases of extreme rainfall events in Catalonia (1995)
    Springer
    Surveys in geophysics 16 (1995), S. 141-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0956
    Keywords: Floods ; Heavy rain ; Catalonia ; Synoptic forcings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A diagnostic study of the synoptic aspects of two cases of heavy rain producing floods in Catalonia (northeast corner of the Iberian peninsula) is presented. The diagnosis consists in the determination of the area where large scale circulation induces favorable conditions for development of thunderstorms. We identify these conditions as upward quasi-geostrophic forcing, convergence of water vapor at low levels and convective instability in the lower troposphere. A composite chart showing where the three synoptic mechanisms overlap determines the area. Local studies of instability are carried out from upper air data given by the radiosonde ascents of Palma de Mallorca, looking for both the Convective Available Potential Energy and Bulk Richardson number and its temporal evolution during the events.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00665777
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Daily rainfall domains in Mallorca (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied climatology 51 (1995), S. 199-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-4483
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary A Pearson Product Moment Correlation matrix for four years of daily rainfall from 96 sites on the island of Mallorca has been used to derive and map correlation fields and construct composite correlation fields for different parts of the island based on previously defined daily rainfall affinity areas. Significant variations in rainfall organisation over the island are revealed. These reflect the dominance of uplift and exposure by upland areas in the generation of rainfall, evidenced in strongly anisotropic correlation fields. Further anisotropy along lowland coasts normal to the relief trend indicate the role of local rainfall generation along sea-breeze fronts. Near isotropic fields for central island locations highlight the importance of local convection and local convergence between opposing sea breeze systems and inland convection. Linear correlation distance-decay trends are determined for the island and for the predetermined rainfall affinity areas, including estimates of distance-decay rates along field axes. A suite of exponential cone functions is derived to model the empirically observed fields, representing their typical bidimensional structure. Use of the fitted cones to model a ‘typical’ rainfall day, where the rainfall distribution mimics quite closely the longer term average, yields quite good results and suggests that their use may be more appropriate than applying more conventional general interpolation techniques in the mapping of spatial rainfall distributions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00867280
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