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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Behaviour of Hastelloy C22 steel in sulphate solutions at pH 3 and low temperatures (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 31 (1996), S. 2097-2108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The behaviour of Hastelloy C22 steel (N06022 UNS) in solutions at pH 3 and different temperatures, for radioactive water reprocessing plants was studied. The corrosion potential was found to increase with temperature. In the neighbourhood of the active-passive potentials, Hastelloy steel was corroded by means of a transient form. In addition, the potentials of the active and transpassive peaks shifted towards more negative values with increasing temperature. The transpassive peak increased with temperature and its potential shifted towards smaller values. The temperature increase led to a reduction of the passive region and a higher current in the passivity. As shown by current instabilities during the backward scan and a higher current than those in the forward transpassivity scan, all of the oxide layer could not be destroyed at the breakdown transpassive potentials. From electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), apparently the thickness of the passive oxide decreased with temperature in the prepassive region. In passivity, the EIS showed an enhancement of corrosion for higher potentials or temperatures. At the passivity-transpassivity limit potentials, an inductive loop may be the result of adsorption. It was found that the diameter of the capacitive semi-circle and the inductive loop decreased when the temperature increased, indicating an enhancement of corrosion and a decrease in adsorption. The number of active sites and oxidation rate were determined at different potentials.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00356632
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Behaviour of 316 Ti stainless steel in deuterium oxide with chloride (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 32 (1997), S. 4355-4376 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Since tritiated water contains deuterium oxide, we require a better understanding of stainless steel corrosion in tritiated water and thus we have compared the behaviour of 316 Ti stainless steel in 2H2O and H2O with and without chloride. This was done by anodic polarization curves, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The corrosion potential of 316 Ti stainless steel in deuterium oxide changes and is related to pH modification due to the dissociation constant of this aqueous medium which shows the importance of pH in passivity. Without chloride, the insulating properties of the passive oxide layer depending on the pH and passive potentials are enhanced with 2H2O. With deuterium oxide containing chloride at near neutral pH, the repassive potential is lower than that obtained with H2O, consequently localized corrosion in grain boundaries and pit propagation, which lead to crevice corrosion, are greater. The critical pitting potential is in transpassivity indicating that pitting is less likely to occur. Comparison with and without Cl- for the passive potentials near the corrosion potential, shows that although chloride reduces the insulation provided by the passive oxide layer it is still greater than that obtained with H2O.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018623923967
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrosynthesis of cobalt (III) ions in concentrated H3PO4 medium (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 18 (1988), S. 27-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'electrosynthèse des ions cobalt(III) à partir des ions cobalt(II) a été étudiée dans les solutions H3PO4 29, 57, et 85% en masse. II a été montré que la conversion de Co(II) en Co(III) est limitée par la réaction chimique entre les ions Co(III) et l'eau. Une étude cinétique a montré que cette réaction devient plus rapide au fur et à mesure que la concentration de l'ion Co(III) augmente. Dans le but de trouver les conditions favorables pour l'electrolyse, l'effet de certains paramètres expérimentaux, sur les rendements électrique et chimique, a été examiné. Les résultats obtenus avec une anode en or et une anode en platine ont été comparés. Les conditions d'électrolyse suivantes ont été retenues: le matériau de l'anode, Au; concentration initiale de l'ion Co(II), 5×10−3 M; solvant, solution H3PO4 85% en masse; densité de courant, 1 mA cm−2; température, 20–30° C Dans ces conditions, les valeurs des rendements faradique et chimique maximum sont respectivement de 66% et 48%.
    Notes: Abstract The electrosynthesis of cobalt(III) ions from cobalt(II) ions has been studied in 29, 57 and 85 wt % H3PO4 solutions. It has been shown that the conversion of Co(II) to Co(III) is limited by the chemical reaction between Co(III) ions and water. A kinetic study demonstrated that this reaction becomes more rapid as the Co(III) ion concentration increases. In order to find the best conditions for the electrolysis, the effect of some experimental parameters on the current yield and the chemical efficiency has been examined. A comparison between gold and platinum anodes has also been made. The following conditions were found to be the best: anode material, gold; initial Co(II) ion concentration, 5×10−3 M; solvent, 85 wt % H3PO4 solution; current density, 1 mA cm−2; temperature, 20–30° C. Under these conditions the maximum value of current yield, and chemical efficiency are 66% and 48% respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01016201
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Study of sacrificial anode cathodic protection of buried tanks: Numerical modelling (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 29 (1999), S. 541-550 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: cathodic protection ; corrosion ; gas tank ; numerical modelling ; sacrificial anodes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A finite element numerical model was set up to calculate the secondary distribution of potential and current density at the surface of a buried tank. The steel gas tank of interest was protected by both coating and two sacrificial anodes (magnesium alloy or zinc). The dispersion of actual soil properties was taken into account by use of three typical soils. The comparison of two dimensional and three-dimensional models shows that the 2D model is obviously both convenient and time saving. The numerical model allows the calculation of the cathodic protection current and of the local potential in every point of the tank. The model intends to compare the relative influence of coating quality, electric conductivity of soil and position, size and type of the sacrificial anodes (magnesium or zinc). Soil conductivity and coating porosity appear as the two most influential parameters. This model justifies the interest of the tank experimental potential and current measurements.List of symbols
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003408122084
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Benzotriazole as inhibitor for copper with and without corrosion products in aqueous polyethylene glycol (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 30 (2000), S. 21-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: benzotriazole ; corrosion ; copper ; inhibitor ; polyethylene glycol (PEG)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Electrochemical methods, including polarization experiments and impedance spectroscopy, were used to evaluate the effectiveness of benzotriazole (BTA) in an aqueous solution of polyethylene glycol (PEG) in protecting polished archaeological copper or archaeological copper covered with corrosion products. The adsorption of PEG on the polished copper significantly limited the corrosion current. The presence of benzotriazole enhanced the protection of the polished copper, giving maximum protection at a concentration of 10−2 mol l−1 of BTA in 20 vol% PEG 400 solution. On the other hand, PEG solutions caused degradation of the corrosion products of the copper. This degradation increased with time. When BTA was added, the corrosion products were preserved and, the higher the BTA concentration, the more the corrosion current decreased. In PEG 400 solution protection of the corrosion products of the copper by BTA improved over time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003400516421
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrosynthèse des ions peroxodiphosphate sous potentiel constant ou pulsé (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 28 (1998), S. 725-735 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: Peroxodiphosphate ; K4P2O8 ; electrosynthesis ; oxygen evolution ; platinum ; platinum oxides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Electrosynthesis of peroxodiphosphate ions (P2O84−) was performed in 2m K3PO4, 1m K2HPO4 medium, using a platinum anode. The results showed that under conditions of potentiostatic polarization at constant potential, the reaction rate reaches a maximum value of 125mAcm−2 and a faradaic yield of 30%. From about 1.9V, the reaction kinetics are increasingly inhibited as the potential shifts positively. Rapid scanning potential voltammetry was used to characterize the oxidation state of the electrode surface. This method shows that the growth of α (PtO) and β (PtO2 or PtO3) oxides depend on the applied potential. It also establishes a correlation between the inhibition of P2O84− ion electrosynthesis and the β oxide coating surface. When 2×10−3m KSCN is added to the solution, some oxygen evolution sites are selectively blocked and β oxide occurs at more positive potential values. Consequently, the rate of peroxodiphosphate ion formation and the faradaic efficiency are increased to 380mAcm−2 and 75%, respectively. Under pulsed potential conditions it was possible to reach 1200mAcm−2 for P2O84− ion electrosynthesis with a faradaic yield of 82%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003250328975
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Corrosion of pure iron in fused sodium methaphosphate (1973)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 3 (1973), S. 185-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The analytical and potentiometric study (using an Ag/Ag+ reference electrode) of the behaviour of pure iron in molten sodium metaphosphate at 750°C shows that a non-polarized electrode corrodes: iron is oxidized to soluble Fe2+ ions and, simultaneously, an Fe2P and FeP2 deposit resulting from phosphate anion reduction is formed on the electrode surface. The variations of the mixed potential and of the total mass of oxidized iron show that the corrosion rate decreases as the immersion time increases. Such an inhibition comes from the gradual coating of the electrode surface with the iron phosphides: the corrosion rate is controlled by the iron diffusion through the deposit, the thickness of which increases with time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00619160
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inhibition of chloride pitting corrosion of Zircaloy-4 alloy in highly radioactive water by radiolytic nitrate and hydrogen peroxide (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 35 (2000), S. 1759-1771 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract We report an investigation of the pitting corrosion susceptibility of Zircaloy-4 alloy in presence of radiolytic chloride, nitrate and hydrogen peroxide. The electrochemical behavior of Zircaloy-4 was essentially studied using cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to provide an indication of mechanisms and oxide layer modifications. The experiments have shown that the pitting corrosion behavior is dependent on the concentration of these radiolytic species in tritiated water. Nitrate shows pronounced inhibitory action due to adsorption of the ammoniac formed on the passive oxide layer buffering the pH, which stops pit initiation and assists repassivation of the oxide surface. The presence of both hydrogen peroxide and NO3 − produces other effects. The passive oxide layer is thicker and its characteristics change in the bulk. Also, pit initiation is stopped whereas it is more difficult to obtain repassivation of existing pits. This can be explained by the capability of 3H2O2 to oxidize the surface and thus enhance passive oxide formation. But, in this case, NO3 −/N3H+ 4 adsorption should be hindered by the 3H2O2 present and consequently there is less buffering of the surface pH limiting repassivation of the existing pits. However, with these two combined effects: pH kept constant on the Zircaloy-4 surface and enhancement of the oxide layer intrinsic characteristics, less pitting is observed than in presence of chloride ions alone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004732703500
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aluminium alloy corrosion detection by magnetic measurements (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 33 (1998), S. 3177-3181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract During corrosion, currents passing from anodes to cathodes generate magnetic fields. Pitting corrosion of aluminium alloys in aggressive media was detected through magnetic field measurements, without electrical connection to the sample and without reference or auxillary electrodes in the corrosion cell. A sodium chloride solution containing hydrogen peroxide or a solution of potassium hydroxide 2 mol l-1 solution was used for corrosion tests. Two magnetometers developed by LETI were used: a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometer and a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) magnetometer. The SQUID provided information on spatial distribution and direction of the currents. The NMR magnetometer was better for studying the development of the corrosion over time. © 1998 Kluwer Academic Publishers
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004308225708
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    L'intérêt chorologique de quelques groupements forestiérs du Morvan, France (1985)
    Springer
    Plant ecology 59 (1985), S. 47-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Carpinion betuli ; Chorological differentiation ; Ecological differentiation ; Forest ; France ; Morvan ; Quercetalia robori-petraeae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Because of its geographical position the Morvan region has certain peculiar climatological conditions which, despite the distance from the sea, permit the development of a characteristic Atlantic vegetation. Forest communities of Quercion robori-petraeae and Carpinion betuli are described and compared with the associations already distinguished for France. A chorological synthesis of the Quercion robori-petraeae and Carpinion betuli communities is made for a considerable part of France and the phytogeographical importance of the Morvan region is revealed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00055675
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