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  • 1
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    Saturn's inner magnetospheric convection pattern: Further evidence (2012)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-09-12
    Description: Observations of the radial locations of satellite absorption microsignatures in energetic particle data at Saturn have suggested the existence of an average convection pattern, fixed in local time, that is superimposed on the dominant near-corotation of the inner magnetosphere. Such a pattern should have additional observational consequences, and we use several different Cassini data sets to test these expectations. These include day/night asymmetries in the A-ring absorption signature of high-energy particles and total electron density, day/night asymmetries in plasma ion and electron temperatures, and day/night asymmetries in energetic-particle phase-space densities. For L 〉 4, the observations are found to be consistent with expectations based on the suggested convective drifts in a global noon-to-midnight electric field, such that particles drift outward on the dawn side of the magnetosphere and inward on the dusk side, resulting in drift orbits with an outward offset toward noon. The different data sets yield similar estimates of the required radial offsets, ∼0.5–1 Rs in the region inside L = 10. The corresponding convection electric field appears to decrease with increasing radial distance, from ∼0.3 mV/m near Tethys to ∼0.1 mV/m beyond Dione. The source of such an electric field remains a puzzle, but whatever the source, it appears to be a dominant factor in the circulation of plasma in Saturn's inner magnetosphere. For L 〈 4, the observations are not fully consistent with such a global convection field, and other explanations for A-ring absorption asymmetries are needed.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 2
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    Pathogenic CD4 T cells in type 1 diabetes recognize epitopes formed by peptide fusion (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-02-26
    Description: T cell-mediated destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas causes type 1 diabetes (T1D). CD4 T cell responses play a central role in beta cell destruction, but the identity of the epitopes recognized by pathogenic CD4 T cells remains unknown. We found that diabetes-inducing CD4 T cell clones isolated from nonobese diabetic mice recognize epitopes formed by covalent cross-linking of proinsulin peptides to other peptides present in beta cell secretory granules. These hybrid insulin peptides (HIPs) are antigenic for CD4 T cells and can be detected by mass spectrometry in beta cells. CD4 T cells from the residual pancreatic islets of two organ donors who had T1D also recognize HIPs. Autoreactive T cells targeting hybrid peptides may explain how immune tolerance is broken in T1D.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Delong, Thomas -- Wiles, Timothy A -- Baker, Rocky L -- Bradley, Brenda -- Barbour, Gene -- Reisdorph, Richard -- Armstrong, Michael -- Powell, Roger L -- Reisdorph, Nichole -- Kumar, Nitesh -- Elso, Colleen M -- DeNicola, Megan -- Bottino, Rita -- Powers, Alvin C -- Harlan, David M -- Kent, Sally C -- Mannering, Stuart I -- Haskins, Kathryn -- 1K01DK094941/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- 1R01DK081166/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- 5U01DK89572/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK104211/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2016 Feb 12;351(6274):711-4. doi: 10.1126/science.aad2791.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA. thomas.delong@ucdenver.edu katie.haskins@ucdenver.edu. ; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA. ; Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA. ; Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes Street, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia. ; Department of Medicine, Diabetes Division, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA. ; Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. ; Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA. VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA. ; Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes Street, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia. University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26912858" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; C-Peptide/chemistry/*immunology ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/*immunology ; Clone Cells ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/*immunology/pathology ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/*immunology/pathology ; Epitopes/*immunology ; Immune Tolerance ; Insulin-Secreting Cells/*immunology/pathology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred NOD ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Peptides/chemistry/immunology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phosphinium radical cation (1969)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 91 (1969), S. 5403-5404 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja01047a048
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    NMR velocity phase encoded measurements of fibrous suspensions (1993)
    New York, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 5 (1993), S. 3010-3012 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging is a noninvasive technique that allows velocity measurement in systems where classical techniques are not suitable due either to opacity or the presence of a solid phase. NMR velocity phase encode measurements for the flow of fiber suspensions yield quantitative data for the average flow field in the suspensions and qualitative information on the microscopic nature of the flow. Bulk translational motion causes modulation of the phase of the sample magnetization which provides information on the average velocity field within the sample. Motions on spatial and time scales that are small relative to the measurement scales cause damping of the magnetization, as reflected by signal attenuation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.858709
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A simplified method for accuracy estimation of nuclear magnetic resonant imaging (1998)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 69 (1998), S. 3300-3307 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Multi-dimensional tomographic-based data sets are now being used to calculate physical properties and transport coefficients. This article presents a method, based upon the propagation of uncertainties, for determining the valid range of values for the property calculated. The example used to demonstrate the method is the application of nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI) to measure fluid velocity profiles for the calculation of fluid viscosities. The resolution of the velocity data is shown to be the most important factor for implementation of the NMRI-based viscometry technique. Uncertainties in the velocity measurement are propagated through the shear viscosity calculation to estimate the standard deviation of the shear viscosities. Two data sets, experimental velocity resolutions of 0.6 and 1.5 mm/s, demonstrate that when the shear viscosity standard deviation exceeds 30% of the predicted shear viscosity value we observe a discrepancy between the data and viscosities obtained using conventional rheometrical instruments. Removal of those data points with a standard deviation exceeding 30% of the shear viscosity value provided data that agreed to within 6% of conventional rheometry data. The estimation methodology for property uncertainty can be applied prior to experimental measurements to design for accuracy over a specific range of the property to be determined. These findings are not restricted to NMRI and should hold for other tomography-based viscometers © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1149113
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Calibration and error analysis of a new magnetic sphere microrheometer (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 3268-3275 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A magnetic microrheometer has been built, which can be used to study the rheological properties of materials that are available in small volumes and have distinct phases. The instrument performs creep tests (displacement in response to an imposed force), using magnetic microspheres of diameter 7 μm and larger. Displacement histories of the spheres are video-recorded and analyzed, with high resolution, using computer vision methods. In this article, results are presented for the magnetic force calibration and for a test using a Newtonian fluid to evaluate the performance of the instrument. A comprehensive analysis of the different sources of error in measuring Newtonian fluid viscosities was performed, resulting in quantitative delineation of the accuracy and precision of the microrheometer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1144561
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rheological properties of polyethylene oxide solutions (1975)
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 14 (1975), S. 729-740 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurden Viskositätsmessungen an Polyäthylenoxid-(WSR-301)-Lösungen mit Konzentrationen zwischen 0,0511 g/dl und 4,014 g/dl ausgeführt, die aus zwei Proben von Trockenmaterial verschiedenen Alters (I, II) genommen waren. Verwendet wurde einWeissenberg-Rheogoniometer mit Kegel-Platte- und Parallel-Platten-Geometrie sowie verschiedene Kapillarviskosimeter. Werte für die stationäre Scherung wurden über acht Dekaden der Schergeschwindigkeit (10−3 〈k 〈 105 s−1) erhalten, solche für periodische Beanspruchung über mehr als vier Dekaden der Frequenz (10−3 〈f 〈 10 Hz). Es werden die Werte der Scherviskositätη(k), der Normalspannungsdifferenzenσ 1(k) undσ 2(k) sowie der komplexen Viskositätη *(f) mitgeteilt. Man findet, daß die experimentell ermittelten Werte vonη(k), η′(f) undG′(f) mit Hilfe charakteristischer Zeitkonstanten, die man aus kontinuumsmechanischen Überlegungen gewinnt, korreliert werden können. Aus dem Verlauf vonη *(f) wurde die SpannungsrelaxationsfunktionΨ(σ) berechnet, woraus sich die Koeffizienten zweiter Ordnungγ undη 0 bestimmen lassen. Diese wurden mit den auf direkte Weise gewonnenen Werten verglichen. Es wird nachgewiesen, daß das Vorzeichen vonσ 1(k) sowohl bei der Veränderung der Konzentration als auch der Deformationsgeschwindigkeit wechselt. Durch Vergleich der an den Proben I und II erhaltenen Ergebnisse wird auf Alterungserscheinungen bei der trocken gelagerten Probe geschlossen.
    Notes: Summary Measurements were made on solutions of Polyethylene oxide (WSR-301) varying in concentration from .0511 g/dl to 4.014 g/dl, prepared from two samples of dry material of different ages (I, II), using aWeissenberg Rheogoniometer with cone-and-plate and parallel-plate geometries, and also using capillary viscometers. Steady shear data were obtained for eight decades of strain-rates (10−3 〈k 〈 105 sec−1), and oscillatory data for over four decades of frequency (10−3 〈f 〈 101 Hz). Results are presented for the shear-dependent viscosity,η(k), normal stress differences,σ 1(k), σ2(k), and the complex viscosity,η *(f). It was found that characteristic fluid times obtained from continuum arguments correlated the experimentalη(k), η′(f) andG′(f) data. Using theη *(f) data, the stress relaxation function,Ψ(σ), was calculated, from which the second-order fluid coefficientsγ andη 0 were obtained, and compared to the directly measured values. Evidence is given to show that the sign ofσ 1(k) varies both with concentration and strainrate. Using solutions prepared from sample II, correlations with the material properties of solutions of sample I were found which indicated the effect of aging on stored dry samples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01515932
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamic and transient rheological properties of glass filled polymer melts (1985)
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 24 (1985), S. 69-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Polymer melt ; filled polymer ; transient properties ; dynamic properties ; polyethylene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The dynamic and transient rheological properties of a low density polyethylene melt and a plasticized polyvinylchloride melt filled with glass beads were measured at 200 °C and 180 °C respectively in a modified Weissenberg Rheogoniometer R-17. Its main modification consisted of the use of a piezoelectric transducer instead of the conventional torsion bar, and of the interfacing of a microcomputer Apple II plus to the Rheogoniometer for data acquisition and analysis. The glass beads were pretreated with silane and titanate coupling agents to observe the effect of the chemical modification of the polymer filler interface on these properties. It was observed that both the dynamic viscosity and the storage modulus increased with the weight fraction, but this last parameter did appreciably affect the stress growth and stress relaxation curves of the polymeric matrices at low shear rates. The effect of coupling agents on these properties was varied.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01329265
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dispersion by laminar flow (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 28 (1982), S. 286-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Dispersion was studied by subjecting clusters of spherical particles (20-400 μm) to laminar flow fields. The clusters were: cohesionless, consisting of particles suspended in the same liquid as the bulk medium and cohesive for which a different liquid was used to make the suspension. Both qualitative and quantitative results are presented.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690280218
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Geometrical effects in the measurements of mechanical properties in parallel superposed flows (1979)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 17 (1979), S. 969-985 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The shear-dependent complex viscosity η*12, which governs the linear time-dependent stresses in a viscoelastic fluid undergoing infinitesimal shearing oscillations in-line with a viscometric motion, has been investigated. Formulas relating η*12 to measured quantities have been derived for the cone-and-plate and parallel-plate geometries. In the former case, the formula has the same form as that found when there is no steady shearing present. For the parallel-plate geometry, the formula is different because of the radial variation in the viscometric shear rate. In order to determine the empirical significance of this formula, η*12 data were obtained for two fluids, NBS nonlinear sample No. 1 and a 4.3 g/dl aqueous polyethylene oxide (molecular weight, 5 X 106) solution using a Weissenberg rheogoniometer Model R-18. Data were acquired and analyzed using a minicomputer on-line with the rheogoniometer. The obtained data indicate that good agreement between the η*12 measured using the two geometries is obtained only if the derived formulas are used. Also, it is shown that theoretical results of simple-fluid theory are valid for these data.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1979.180170607
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