ALBERT

Description: Despite the magnitude of the Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak in West Africa, there is still a fundamental lack of knowledge about the pathophysiology of EVD. In particular, very little is known about human immune responses to Ebola virus. Here we evaluate the physiology of the human T cell immune response in EVD patients at the time of admission to the Ebola Treatment Center in Guinea, and longitudinally until discharge or death. Through the use of multiparametric flow cytometry established by the European Mobile Laboratory in the field, we identify an immune signature that is unique in EVD fatalities. Fatal EVD was characterized by a high percentage of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells expressing the inhibitory molecules CTLA-4 and PD-1, which correlated with elevated inflammatory markers and high virus load. Conversely, surviving individuals showed significantly lower expression of CTLA-4 and PD-1 as well as lower inflammation, despite comparable overall T cell activation. Concomitant with virus clearance, survivors mounted a robust Ebola-virus-specific T cell response. Our findings suggest that dysregulation of the T cell response is a key component of EVD pathophysiology.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4876960/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4876960/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ruibal, Paula -- Oestereich, Lisa -- Ludtke, Anja -- Becker-Ziaja, Beate -- Wozniak, David M -- Kerber, Romy -- Korva, Misa -- Cabeza-Cabrerizo, Mar -- Bore, Joseph A -- Koundouno, Fara Raymond -- Duraffour, Sophie -- Weller, Romy -- Thorenz, Anja -- Cimini, Eleonora -- Viola, Domenico -- Agrati, Chiara -- Repits, Johanna -- Afrough, Babak -- Cowley, Lauren A -- Ngabo, Didier -- Hinzmann, Julia -- Mertens, Marc -- Vitoriano, Ines -- Logue, Christopher H -- Boettcher, Jan Peter -- Pallasch, Elisa -- Sachse, Andreas -- Bah, Amadou -- Nitzsche, Katja -- Kuisma, Eeva -- Michel, Janine -- Holm, Tobias -- Zekeng, Elsa-Gayle -- Garcia-Dorival, Isabel -- Wolfel, Roman -- Stoecker, Kilian -- Fleischmann, Erna -- Strecker, Thomas -- Di Caro, Antonino -- Avsic-Zupanc, Tatjana -- Kurth, Andreas -- Meschi, Silvia -- Mely, Stephane -- Newman, Edmund -- Bocquin, Anne -- Kis, Zoltan -- Kelterbaum, Anne -- Molkenthin, Peter -- Carletti, Fabrizio -- Portmann, Jasmine -- Wolff, Svenja -- Castilletti, Concetta -- Schudt, Gordian -- Fizet, Alexandra -- Ottowell, Lisa J -- Herker, Eva -- Jacobs, Thomas -- Kretschmer, Birte -- Severi, Ettore -- Ouedraogo, Nobila -- Lago, Mar -- Negredo, Anabel -- Franco, Leticia -- Anda, Pedro -- Schmiedel, Stefan -- Kreuels, Benno -- Wichmann, Dominic -- Addo, Marylyn M -- Lohse, Ansgar W -- De Clerck, Hilde -- Nanclares, Carolina -- Jonckheere, Sylvie -- Van Herp, Michel -- Sprecher, Armand -- Xiaojiang, Gao -- Carrington, Mary -- Miranda, Osvaldo -- Castro, Carlos M -- Gabriel, Martin -- Drury, Patrick -- Formenty, Pierre -- Diallo, Boubacar -- Koivogui, Lamine -- Magassouba, N'Faly -- Carroll, Miles W -- Gunther, Stephan -- Munoz-Fontela, Cesar -- HHSN261200800001E/PHS HHS/ -- Z01 BC010791-01/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- Z01 BC010791-02/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- Z01 BC010792-01/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2016 May 5;533(7601):100-4. doi: 10.1038/nature17949.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, 20251 Hamburg, Germany. ; Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, 20359 Hamburg, Germany. ; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Sites Hamburg, Munich, and Marburg, Germany. ; European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany. ; Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia. ; Institute of Experimental Virology, Twincore, Center for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, 30625 Hannover, Germany. ; Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany. ; National Institute for Infectious Diseases 'Lazzaro Spallanzani', 00149 Rome, Italy. ; Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK. ; Public Health England, Colindale Ave, London NW9 5EQ, UK. ; Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany. ; Friedrich Loeffler Institute, 17493 Greifswald-Island of Riems, Germany. ; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4051 Basel, Switzerland. ; Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK. ; Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, 80937 Munich, Germany. ; Institute of Virology, Philipps University, 35043 Marburg, Germany. ; Laboratoire P4-Jean Merieux, US003 INSERM, 69365 Lyon, France. ; National Center for Epidemiology, Hungarian National Biosafety Laboratory, H1097 Budapest, Hungary. ; European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, 171 65 Solna, Sweden. ; Federal Office for Civil Protection, CH-3700 Spiez, Switzerland. ; Unite de Biologie des Infections Virales Emergentes, Institut Pasteur, 69365 Lyon, France. ; Eurice, European Research and Project Office, 10115 Berlin, Germany. ; Infectious Diseases Unit, Internal Medicine Service, Hospital La Paz, 28046 Madrid, Spain. ; National Center of Microbiology, Institute of Health 'Carlos III', 28220 Madrid, Spain. ; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany. ; Medecins sans Frontieres, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium. ; Cancer and Inflammation Program, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA. ; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. ; Hospital Militar Central Dr. Carlos J. Finlay, 11400 Havana, Cuba. ; World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland. ; Institut National de Sante Publique, 2101 Conakry, Guinea. ; Universite Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, CHU Donka, 2101 Conakry, Guinea.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27147028" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: West Africa is currently witnessing the most extensive Ebola virus (EBOV) outbreak so far recorded. Until now, there have been 27,013 reported cases and 11,134 deaths. The origin of the virus is thought to have been a zoonotic transmission from a bat to a two-year-old boy in December 2013 (ref. 2). From this index case the virus was spread by human-to-human contact throughout Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia. However, the origin of the particular virus in each country and time of transmission is not known and currently relies on epidemiological analysis, which may be unreliable owing to the difficulties of obtaining patient information. Here we trace the genetic evolution of EBOV in the current outbreak that has resulted in multiple lineages. Deep sequencing of 179 patient samples processed by the European Mobile Laboratory, the first diagnostics unit to be deployed to the epicentre of the outbreak in Guinea, reveals an epidemiological and evolutionary history of the epidemic from March 2014 to January 2015. Analysis of EBOV genome evolution has also benefited from a similar sequencing effort of patient samples from Sierra Leone. Our results confirm that the EBOV from Guinea moved into Sierra Leone, most likely in April or early May. The viruses of the Guinea/Sierra Leone lineage mixed around June/July 2014. Viral sequences covering August, September and October 2014 indicate that this lineage evolved independently within Guinea. These data can be used in conjunction with epidemiological information to test retrospectively the effectiveness of control measures, and provides an unprecedented window into the evolution of an ongoing viral haemorrhagic fever outbreak.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Carroll, Miles W -- Matthews, David A -- Hiscox, Julian A -- Elmore, Michael J -- Pollakis, Georgios -- Rambaut, Andrew -- Hewson, Roger -- Garcia-Dorival, Isabel -- Bore, Joseph Akoi -- Koundouno, Raymond -- Abdellati, Said -- Afrough, Babak -- Aiyepada, John -- Akhilomen, Patience -- Asogun, Danny -- Atkinson, Barry -- Badusche, Marlis -- Bah, Amadou -- Bate, Simon -- Baumann, Jan -- Becker, Dirk -- Becker-Ziaja, Beate -- Bocquin, Anne -- Borremans, Benny -- Bosworth, Andrew -- Boettcher, Jan Peter -- Cannas, Angela -- Carletti, Fabrizio -- Castilletti, Concetta -- Clark, Simon -- Colavita, Francesca -- Diederich, Sandra -- Donatus, Adomeh -- Duraffour, Sophie -- Ehichioya, Deborah -- Ellerbrok, Heinz -- Fernandez-Garcia, Maria Dolores -- Fizet, Alexandra -- Fleischmann, Erna -- Gryseels, Sophie -- Hermelink, Antje -- Hinzmann, Julia -- Hopf-Guevara, Ute -- Ighodalo, Yemisi -- Jameson, Lisa -- Kelterbaum, Anne -- Kis, Zoltan -- Kloth, Stefan -- Kohl, Claudia -- Korva, Misa -- Kraus, Annette -- Kuisma, Eeva -- Kurth, Andreas -- Liedigk, Britta -- Logue, Christopher H -- Ludtke, Anja -- Maes, Piet -- McCowen, James -- Mely, Stephane -- Mertens, Marc -- Meschi, Silvia -- Meyer, Benjamin -- Michel, Janine -- Molkenthin, Peter -- Munoz-Fontela, Cesar -- Muth, Doreen -- Newman, Edmund N C -- Ngabo, Didier -- Oestereich, Lisa -- Okosun, Jennifer -- Olokor, Thomas -- Omiunu, Racheal -- Omomoh, Emmanuel -- Pallasch, Elisa -- Palyi, Bernadett -- Portmann, Jasmine -- Pottage, Thomas -- Pratt, Catherine -- Priesnitz, Simone -- Quartu, Serena -- Rappe, Julie -- Repits, Johanna -- Richter, Martin -- Rudolf, Martin -- Sachse, Andreas -- Schmidt, Kristina Maria -- Schudt, Gordian -- Strecker, Thomas -- Thom, Ruth -- Thomas, Stephen -- Tobin, Ekaete -- Tolley, Howard -- Trautner, Jochen -- Vermoesen, Tine -- Vitoriano, Ines -- Wagner, Matthias -- Wolff, Svenja -- Yue, Constanze -- Capobianchi, Maria Rosaria -- Kretschmer, Birte -- Hall, Yper -- Kenny, John G -- Rickett, Natasha Y -- Dudas, Gytis -- Coltart, Cordelia E M -- Kerber, Romy -- Steer, Damien -- Wright, Callum -- Senyah, Francis -- Keita, Sakoba -- Drury, Patrick -- Diallo, Boubacar -- de Clerck, Hilde -- Van Herp, Michel -- Sprecher, Armand -- Traore, Alexis -- Diakite, Mandiou -- Konde, Mandy Kader -- Koivogui, Lamine -- Magassouba, N'Faly -- Avsic-Zupanc, Tatjana -- Nitsche, Andreas -- Strasser, Marc -- Ippolito, Giuseppe -- Becker, Stephan -- Stoecker, Kilian -- Gabriel, Martin -- Raoul, Herve -- Di Caro, Antonino -- Wolfel, Roman -- Formenty, Pierre -- Gunther, Stephan -- 095831/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2015 Aug 6;524(7563):97-101. doi: 10.1038/nature14594. Epub 2015 Jun 17.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK [2] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [3] University of Southampton, South General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK. ; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK. ; Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 2BE, UK. ; Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK. ; 1] Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 2FL, UK [2] Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA [3] Centre for Immunology, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 2FL, UK. ; 1] Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK [2] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [3] London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK. ; 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Universite Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Laboratoire des Fievres Hemorragiques en Guinee, Conakry, Guinea [3] Institut National de Sante Publique, Conakry, Guinea. ; 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Institute of Tropical Medicine, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium. ; 1] Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK [2] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany. ; 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria. ; 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [3] German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany. ; 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland. ; 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany. ; 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany [3] Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany. ; 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] National Reference Center for Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers, 69365 Lyon, France [3] Laboratoire P4 Inserm-Jean Merieux, US003 Inserm, 69365 Lyon, France. ; 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium. ; 1] Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK [2] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [3] Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 2BE, UK. ; 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany. ; 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI) Lazzaro Spallanzani, 00149 Rome, Italy. ; 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany [3] Friedrich Loeffler Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany. ; 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [3] KU Leuven Rega institute, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium. ; 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [3] Redeemer's University, Osun State, Nigeria. ; 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Centro Nacional de Microbiologia, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain. ; 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] National Reference Center for Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers, 69365 Lyon, France [3] Unite de Biologie des Infections Virales Emergentes, Institut Pasteur, 69365 Lyon, France. ; 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany [3] Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, 80937 Munich, Germany. ; 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] National Center for Epidemiology, National Biosafety Laboratory, H-1097 Budapest, Hungary. ; 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia. ; 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Public Health Agency of Sweden, 171 82 Solna, Sweden. ; 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany [3] Heinrich Pette Institute - Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, 20251 Hamburg, Germany. ; 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] KU Leuven Rega institute, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium. ; 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany [3] Institute of Virology, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany. ; 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Federal Office for Civil Protection, Spiez Laboratory, CH-3700 Spiez, Switzerland. ; 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Bundeswehr Hospital, 22049 Hamburg, Germany. ; 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Institute of Virology and Immunology, CH-3147 Mittelhausern, Switzerland. ; 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Janssen-Cilag, SE-192 07 Sollentuna, Sweden. ; 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Thunen Institute, D-22767 Hamburg, Germany. ; Eurice - European Research and Project Office GmbH, 10115 Berlin, Germany. ; Centre for Genomic Research, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK. ; Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 2FL, UK. ; Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London WC1E 6JB, UK. ; Research IT, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1HH, UK. ; Advanced Computing Research Centre, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1HH, UK. ; Ministry of Health Guinea, Conakry, Guinea. ; World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland. ; World Health Organization, Conakry, Guinea. ; Medecins Sans Frontieres, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium. ; Section Prevention et Lutte contre la Maladie a la Direction Prefectorale de la Sante de Gueckedou, Gueckedou, Guinea. ; Universite Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, CHU Donka, Conakry, Guinea. ; Health and Sustainable Development Foundation, Conakry, Guinea. ; Institut National de Sante Publique, Conakry, Guinea. ; Universite Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Laboratoire des Fievres Hemorragiques en Guinee, Conakry, Guinea. ; 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Laboratoire P4 Inserm-Jean Merieux, US003 Inserm, 69365 Lyon, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26083749" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: We obtained Southern Astrophysical Research telescope B and V photometry of 14 star clusters and two associations in the Bridge tidal structure connecting the Large and Small Magellanic Cloud (LMC and SMC). These objects are used to study the formation and evolution of star clusters and associations under tidal stresses from the Clouds. Typical star clusters in the Bridge are not richly populated and have in general relatively large diameters (30–35 pc), being larger than Galactic counterparts of similar age. Ages and other fundamental parameters are determined with field-star decontaminated photometry. A self-consistent approach is used to derive parameters for the most-populated sample cluster NGC 796 and two young CMD templates built with the remaining Bridge clusters. We find that the clusters are not coeval in the Bridge. They range from approximately a few Myr (still related to optical H  ii regions and WISE and Spitzer dust emission measurements) to about 100–200 Myr. The derived distance moduli for the Bridge objects (1 h 56 m  〈 α 〈 2 h 28 m ) suggests that the Bridge is a structure connecting the LMC farside in the east to the foreground of the SMC to the west. Most of the present clusters are part of the tidal dwarf candidate D 1, which is associated with an H  i overdensity. We find further evidence that the studied part of the Bridge is evolving into a tidal dwarf galaxy, decoupling from the Bridge.