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  • 1
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    Earthquake potential along the northern hayward fault, california (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-08-19
    Description: The Hayward fault slips in large earthquakes and by aseismic creep observed along its surface trace. Dislocation models of the surface deformation adjacent to the Hayward fault measured with the global positioning system and interferometric synthetic aperture radar favor creep at approximately 7 millimeters per year to the bottom of the seismogenic zone along a approximately 20-kilometer-long northern fault segment. Microearthquakes with the same waveform repeatedly occur at 4- to 10-kilometer depths and indicate deep creep at 5 to 7 millimeters per year. The difference between current creep rates and the long-term slip rate of approximately 10 millimeters per year can be reconciled in a mechanical model of a freely slipping northern Hayward fault adjacent to the locked 1868 earthquake rupture, which broke the southern 40 to 50 kilometers of the fault. The potential for a major independent earthquake of the northern Hayward fault might be less than previously thought.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Burgmann -- Schmidt -- Nadeau -- d'Alessio -- Fielding -- Manaker -- McEvilly -- Murray -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Aug 18;289(5482):1178-82.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth and Planetary Science and Berkeley Seismological Laboratory, 307 McCone Hall, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. Mail Stop 300-233, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10947982" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    Coseismic and Postseismic Fault Slip for the 17 August 1999, M = 7.5, Izmit, Turkey Earthquake (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-09-01
    Description: We use Global Positioning System (GPS) observations and elastic half-space models to estimate the distribution of coseismic and postseismic slip along the Izmit earthquake rupture. Our results indicate that large coseismic slip (reaching 5.7 meters) is confined to the upper 10 kilometers of the crust, correlates with structurally distinct fault segments, and is relatively low near the hypocenter. Continued surface deformation during the first 75 days after the earthquake indicates an aseismic fault slip of as much as 0.43 meters on and below the coseismic rupture. These observations are consistent with a transition from unstable (episodic large earthquakes) to stable (fault creep) sliding at the base of the seismogenic zone.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Reilinger -- Ergintav -- Burgmann -- McClusky -- Lenk -- Barka -- Gurkan -- Hearn -- Feigl -- Cakmak -- Aktug -- Ozener -- Toksoz -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Sep 1;289(5484):1519-1524.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, E34, 42 Carleton Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. TUBITAK, Marmara Research Center, Earth Science Research Institute, Gebze 41470, Turkey. Department of Earth and Planetary Science, 301 McCone Hall, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. General Command of Mapping, Cebece, Ankara, Turkey. Istanbul Technical University, Eurasia Earth Science Institute, Ayazaga, Istanbul, Turkey. Kandilli Observatory, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey. Department of Terrestrial and Planetary Dynamics (UMR 5562) Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, 14 ave. E. Belin 31400 Toulouse, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10968782" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    Tremor-tide correlations and near-lithostatic pore pressure on the deep San Andreas fault (2009)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-12-25
    Description: Since its initial discovery nearly a decade ago, non-volcanic tremor has provided information about a region of the Earth that was previously thought incapable of generating seismic radiation. A thorough explanation of the geologic process responsible for tremor generation has, however, yet to be determined. Owing to their location at the plate interface, temporal correlation with geodetically measured slow-slip events and dominant shear wave energy, tremor observations in southwest Japan have been interpreted as a superposition of many low-frequency earthquakes that represent slip on a fault surface. Fluids may also be fundamental to the failure process in subduction zone environments, as teleseismic and tidal modulation of tremor in Cascadia and Japan and high Poisson ratios in both source regions are indicative of pressurized pore fluids. Here we identify a robust correlation between extremely small, tidally induced shear stress parallel to the San Andreas fault and non-volcanic tremor activity near Parkfield, California. We suggest that this tremor represents shear failure on a critically stressed fault in the presence of near-lithostatic pore pressure. There are a number of similarities between tremor in subduction zone environments, such as Cascadia and Japan, and tremor on the deep San Andreas transform, suggesting that the results presented here may also be applicable in other tectonic settings.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Thomas, Amanda M -- Nadeau, Robert M -- Burgmann, Roland -- England -- Nature. 2009 Dec 24;462(7276):1048-51. doi: 10.1038/nature08654.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Berkeley Seismological Laboratory, University of California-Berkeley, 307 McCone Hall, Berkeley, California 94720-4767, USA. amthomas@berkeley.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20033046" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 4
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    Shallow fault-zone dilatancy recovery after the 2003 Bam earthquake in Iran (2009)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-03-06
    Description: Earthquakes radiate from slip on discrete faults, but also commonly involve distributed deformation within a broader fault zone, especially near the surface. Variations in rock strain during an earthquake are caused by heterogeneity in the elastic stress before the earthquake, by variable material properties and geometry of the fault zones, and by dynamic processes during the rupture. Stress changes due to the earthquake slip, both dynamic and static, have long been thought to cause dilatancy in the fault zone that recovers after the earthquake. Decreases in the velocity of seismic waves passing through the fault zone due to coseismic dilatancy have been observed followed by postseismic seismic velocity increases during healing. Dilatancy and its recovery have not previously been observed geodetically. Here we use interferometric analysis of synthetic aperture radar images to measure postseismic surface deformation after the 2003 Bam, Iran, earthquake and show reversal of coseismic dilatancy in the shallow fault zone that causes subsidence of the surface. This compaction of the fault zone is directly above the patch of greatest coseismic slip at depth. The dilatancy and compaction probably reflects distributed shear and damage to the material during the earthquake that heals afterwards. Coseismic and postseismic deformation spread through a fault zone volume may resolve the paradox of shallow slip deficits for some strike-slip fault ruptures.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fielding, Eric J -- Lundgren, Paul R -- Burgmann, Roland -- Funning, Gareth J -- England -- Nature. 2009 Mar 5;458(7234):64-8. doi: 10.1038/nature07817.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California 91109, USA. Eric.J.Fielding@jpl.nasa.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19262670" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    The size and duration of the Sumatra-Andaman earthquake from far-field static offsets (2005)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-05-21
    Description: The 26 December 2004 Sumatra earthquake produced static offsets at continuously operating GPS stations at distances of up to 4500 kilometers from the epicenter. We used these displacements to model the earthquake and include consideration of the Earth's shape and depth-varying rigidity. The results imply that the average slip was 〉5 meters along the full length of the rupture, including the approximately 650-kilometer-long Andaman segment. Comparison of the source derived from the far-field static offsets with seismically derived estimates suggests that 25 to 35% of the total moment release occurred at periods greater than 1 hour. Taking into consideration the strong dip dependence of moment estimates, the magnitude of the earthquake did not exceed Mw = 9.2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Banerjee, P -- Pollitz, F F -- Burgmann, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Jun 17;308(5729):1769-72. Epub 2005 May 19.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Dehra Dun, 248001, India.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15905364" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Dynamics of slow-moving landslides from permanent scatterer analysis (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2004-06-26
    Description: High-resolution interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) permanent scatterer data allow us to resolve the rates and variations in the rates of slow-moving landslides. Satellite-to-ground distances (range changes) on landslides increase at rates of 5 to 7 millimeters per year, indicating average downslope sliding velocities from 27 to 38 millimeters per year. Time-series analysis shows that displacement occurs mainly during the high-precipitation season; during the 1997-1998 El Nino event, rates of range change increased to as much as 11 millimeters per year. The observed nonlinear relationship of creep and precipitation rates suggests that increased pore fluid pressures within the shallow subsurface may initiate and accelerate these features. Changes in the slope of a hill resulting from increases in the pore pressure and lithostatic stress gradients may then lead to landslides.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hilley, George E -- Burgmann, Roland -- Ferretti, Alessandro -- Novali, Fabrizio -- Rocca, Fabio -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jun 25;304(5679):1952-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth and Planetary Science and Berkeley Seismological Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. hilley@seismo.berkeley.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15218146" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
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  • 7
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    Viscosity of oceanic asthenosphere inferred from remote triggering of earthquakes (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-06-05
    Description: A sequence of large interplate earthquakes from 1952 to 1965 along the Aleutian arc and Kurile-Kamchatka trench released accumulated stresses along nearly the entire northern portion of the Pacific Plate boundary. The postseismic stress evolution across the northern Pacific and Arctic basins, calculated from a viscoelastic coupling model with an asthenospheric viscosity of 5 x 10(17) pascal seconds, is consistent with triggering of oceanic intraplate earthquakes, temporal patterns in seismicity at remote plate boundaries, and space-based geodetic measurements of anomalous velocity over an area 7000 by 7000 kilometers square during the 30-year period after the sequence.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pollitz -- Burgmann -- Romanowicz -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 May 22;280(5367):1245-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉F. F. Pollitz and R. Burgmann, Department of Geology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA. B. Romanowicz, University of California Seismological Laboratory, 475 McCone Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9596574" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 8
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    Earth science: Continental jelly (2011)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2011-03-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Burgmann, Roland -- Audet, Pascal -- England -- Nature. 2011 Mar 17;471(7338):312-3. doi: 10.1038/471312a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21412329" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    The 11 April 2012 east Indian Ocean earthquake triggered large aftershocks worldwide (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2012-10-02
    Description: Large earthquakes trigger very small earthquakes globally during passage of the seismic waves and during the following several hours to days, but so far remote aftershocks of moment magnitude M 〉/= 5.5 have not been identified, with the lone exception of an M = 6.9 quake remotely triggered by the surface waves from an M = 6.6 quake 4,800 kilometres away. The 2012 east Indian Ocean earthquake that had a moment magnitude of 8.6 is the largest strike-slip event ever recorded. Here we show that the rate of occurrence of remote M 〉/= 5.5 earthquakes (〉1,500 kilometres from the epicentre) increased nearly fivefold for six days after the 2012 event, and extended in magnitude to M 〈/= 7. These global aftershocks were located along the four lobes of Love-wave radiation; all struck where the dynamic shear strain is calculated to exceed 10(-7) for at least 100 seconds during dynamic-wave passage. The other M 〉/= 8.5 mainshocks during the past decade are thrusts; after these events, the global rate of occurrence of remote M 〉/= 5.5 events increased by about one-third the rate following the 2012 shock and lasted for only two days, a weaker but possibly real increase. We suggest that the unprecedented delayed triggering power of the 2012 earthquake may have arisen because of its strike-slip source geometry or because the event struck at a time of an unusually low global earthquake rate, perhaps increasing the number of nucleation sites that were very close to failure.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pollitz, Fred F -- Stein, Ross S -- Sevilgen, Volkan -- Burgmann, Roland -- England -- Nature. 2012 Oct 11;490(7419):250-3. doi: 10.1038/nature11504. Epub 2012 Sep 26.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉US Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Road, MS 977, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA. fpollitz@usgs.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23023131" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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  • 10
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    Earth science: Warning signs of the Iquique earthquake (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2014-08-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Burgmann, Roland -- England -- Nature. 2014 Aug 21;512(7514):258-9. doi: 10.1038/nature13655. Epub 2014 Aug 13.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth &Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-4767, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25119029" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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