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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Goldfish acclimated either to 5 °C or to 25 °C were transferred to the opposite temperature and the changes in behavioral resistance to high temperature, the fluidity and fatty acid composition of isolated synaptosomal membranes were followed during acclimation to the new temperature with the purpose of establishing some correlation. 2. In 25 °C-acclimated goldfish, hyperexcitability was induced at 34.5 °C, loss of equilibrium at 37.6 °C and coma at 39.0 °C. In 5 °C-acclimated goldfish the corresponding temperatures were 29.2 °C, 32.0 °C and 33.0 °C. Time to attain 75% of the final acclimated state after transfer was approximately 4 days at 25 °C and 28 days at 5 °C. 3. Fluidity of synaptosomal membranes isolated from goldfish brains was estimated by use of the fluorescence polarization technique. Membrane viscosity decreased during acclimation to 5 °C, but increased during acclimation to 25 °C. The early stages of the transitions differed in time course from behavioral resistance acclimation but times to reach the new acclimated state were similar. 4. Fatty acid composition of synaptosomal phospholipids showed increased unsaturation during cold-acclimation and decreased unsaturation during warm-acclimation. 5. It is concluded that during acclimation, behavior shows changes in resistance to heat which are related to synaptic block. These are correlated in direction and overall time course with viscosity of synaptosomes as dictated by changes in the saturation of membrane phospholipids.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 136 (1980), S. 103-112 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In response to quick stretch, contraction is elicited in longitudinal retractor muscles of five tested species of holothurians, and in the pharyngeal retractor ofCucumaria. The effects of amplitude of stretch and rate of stretch are additive. Rates of contraction and repetitiveness of response, and spontaneous rhythmicity (especially in muscles ofLeptosynapta), correlate with mode of life. Contractile responses to stretch are abolished by anesthesia with procaine or magnesium. Responses are enhanced by physostigmine or prostigmine, blocked by d-tubocurarine. Responses to electric shocks persist after block of responses to stretch and after block of spontaneous activity by anesthesia, by cholinergic blockers or by Na replacement. Responses to both stretch and shock are abolished by reducing calcium or by agents which block Ca-conductance. It is postulated (1) that quick stretch stimulates the terminals of cholinergic nerves, (2) that conduction in these nerve fibers is by Na but is TTX resistant, (3) that the nerve endings activate conductance increase for Ca++ in muscle fibers which initiate contractions. No muscle potentials were recorded by suction or pressure electrodes and no nexal junctions were observed between muscle fibers. The muscles were well innervated and synaptic endings and some neural somata were seen in the nerve bundles.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 54 (1967), S. 109-120 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Contractions of oscular membranes of several marine sponges in response to mechanical stimuli were recorded in various ionic media. Previously, failure to record action potentials and to stimulate electrically was reported. Contractions persisted when sodium was replaced by lithium or potassium but not when the replacement was by choline or sucrose. Contractions were maintained in sea water in which the only univalent cation was potassium; they also persisted in Na-sea water without potassium. Contractions stopped when either calcium or magnesium was omitted, but addition of an equivalent extra amount of the other divalent cation then restored contractions. Contractions were also maintained when strontium was substituted for calcium and magnesium. Analyses of contractile membranes yielded average values for Naples sponges of Na 375 mM/kg H2O, K 29.8 mM/kg H2O and inulin space 48.9% of H2O; for Woods Hole Microciona in mM/kg H2O: Na 300, K 66, Ca 8.4, Cl 225, inulin space 40% H2O. The calculated intracellular concentrations for Microciona in mM/kg H2O were: Na 216, K 104.5, Ca 7.8, Cl 45 yielding i/o ratios of Na 0.5, K 11.6, Ca 0.84, Cl 0.09. It is concluded that, despite relatively normal ionic ratios, mechanical stimuli activate the contractile system in sponges more directly than in muscle.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 67 (1970), S. 217-228 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In kidney of goldfish acclimated to 5, 15 and 25° C the peroxisomal enzyme peroxidase and the peroxisomal and cytoplasmic matrix enzyme catalase showed inverse (Precht type 5) acclimation. Peroxisomal D-amino acid oxidase and lysosomal acid phosphatase were unchanged in activity (Precht type 4). A review of literature data on enzyme acclimation patterns shows that generally enzymes concerned with energy liberation — enzymes of glycolysis, hexose monophosphate shunt, TCA cycle and electron transport, also Na, K-ATPase and the synthetic amino acyl transferase — show compensatory acclimation to temperature (Precht type 3). Enzymes for degradation of metabolic intermediates and products such as peroxisomal and lysosomal enzymes, Mg-ATPase, acetylcholine esterase, show no or inverse acclimation to temperature. Changes in digestive enzymes depend on state of nutrition.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 129 (1979), S. 193-197 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus) and goldfish (Carassius auratus) acclimated to 5°, 15° and 25 °C were placed individually in a horizontal temperature gradient from 2° to 30 °C where the fish could swim freely. They spent large proportions of time (70%) at temperatures near their acclimation temperature and avoided the extremes. By behavioral selection, internal body temperature was maintained relatively constant. After bilateral medial and lateral preoptic lesions, fish spent random amounts of time at all temperatures available in the gradient and did not maintain a stable body temperature.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 50 (1965), S. 91-101 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Die peripheren Nerven des Katzenfisches Ictalurus können bis zu Temperaturen von etwa 0° C Impulse leiten. Bei Fischen, die an 24° C akklimatisiert waren, erlosch die Impulsleitfähigkeit bei 3°, bei an 10° C angepaßten Fischen jedoch erst bei 1°C. 2. Auf einen elektrischen Schock stellen Goldfische ihre Atembewegungen kurzfristig ein —Unconditioned Stimulus —, durch Verknüpfung des elektrischen Reizes mit einem Lichtreiz — Conditioned Stimulus — konnten die Fische auf eine Unterbrechung der Atembewegungen dressiert werden. Die Dressurfähigkeit war bei den Goldfischen individuell sehr verschieden. 3. Der Vollzug des bedingten Reflexes wird durch Abkühlen blockiert, normalerweise reversibel. Die Temperatur, bei der der Dressurerfolg verloren geht, hängt von der Dressurtemperatur ab, und zwar tritt bei einem Erhöhen der Dressurtemperatur um 10° der Kälteblock des bedingten Reflexes bei einer ungefähr 5° höheren Temperatur auf. 4. Die minimale Dressurtemperatur ändert sich mit der Akklimatisierungstemperatur; an 15° angepaßte Fische können nicht unter 6–7°, an 25° akklimatisierte Fische nicht unter 12–13° dressiert werden. 5. Die Änderung der minimalen Dressurtemperatur durch einen Wechsel der Adaptationstemperatur erfolgt schnell, sie benötigt ungefähr 6 bis 72 Std. Die Umstellung dauert länger bei einem großen Sprung in der Akklimatisierungstemperatur und bei einem Umsetzen der Tiere von warmen in die tiefe Temperaturen. 6. Für die Temperaturadaptation der Fische sind langandauernde Änderungen des Integrationsvermögens ihres Zentralnervensystems sehr wichtig.
    Notes: Summary 1. Peripheral nerves of catfish, Ictalurus, continued to conduct impulses at low temperatures but were blocked when the temperature approached zero. Nerves from fish acclimated to 24° were blocked at 3°, from fish acclimated to 10° were blocked at 1° C. 2. Breathing movements of goldfish were conditioned to interruption by light as the conditioned stimulus and a shock as unconditioned stimulus. Individual goldfish showed much variability in rate of establishment of the conditioned response. 3. After conditioning, the response could be interrupted, usually reversibly, by cooling. The temperature at which the conditioned response was lost, varied according to the temperature of conditioning, the blocking temperature rising approximately 5° for each 10° increase of conditioning temperature. 4. The minimum temperature at which, conditioning could be established varied according to acclimation temperature. Fish acclimated to 15° could not be conditioned below 6–7° while those acclimated to 25° were not conditioned below 12–13°. 5. The rate of change of minimum temperature for conditioning during acclimation was rapid, and required six to seventy-two hours. The time was longer for a large change in acclimation temperature than for a small change. 6. It is concluded that one important component of temperature adaptation in fish consists of persistent alteration in capacity for central nervous integration.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 319 (1986), S. 187-187 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] ATKINSON and Waiden are concerned with the control of protein synthesis and, as the basis for discussion, the contributors to their book have focused on proteins made in response to stress. It was observed 30 years ago that brief exposure to heat brings about puffs on salivary chromosomes of ...
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 281 (1979), S. 582-583 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Segments of small intestine were removed from cats anaesthetised with a-chloralose and placed immediately into Krebs solution of the following composition (mM): NaCl, 118.5; KC1, 4.7; MgCl2, 1.2; NaHCO3, 23.8; KH2PO4, 1.2; CaCl2, 2.5, and glucose 5.5 (rf. 12). External electrical recording ...
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 158 (1988), S. 185-198 
    ISSN: 1432-136X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Following acclimation of channel catfish to a reduction in temperature from 25° to 15°C, there were approximately two-fold increases in liver mass, cell size, total protein, and total enzyme activity, relative to activity per milligram of protein and per gram wet weight of tissue, indicating tissue hypertrophy. There was no change in either total liver DNA content or protein concentration per gram weight. 2. Green sunfish, unlike catfish, showed virtually no change in liver mass following cold acclimation. However, sunfish showed a net increase in total liver protein content and an increase in protein concentration. The increase in protein content was balanced by a reciprocal and equivalent decrease in glycogen content. Consequently, liver mass was maintained. 3. During cold acclimation both catfish and sunfish showed an increase in ventricular heart mass and protein content, but no change in protein concentration. 4. The activities of several enzymes were measured in liver from 15°C and 25°C steady-state-acclimated catfish and at intervals following transfer from 15° to 25°C and from 25° to 15°C. Total tissue enzyme activity showed positive compensation which correlated with the change in liver mass and protein content. Specific activities based on protein and on wet weight showed dissimilar acclimatory patterns. Two enzymes — cytochrome oxidase and lactate dehydrogenase — showed inverse compensation in specific activity but positive compensation in total activity. Citrate synthase, glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase showed positive compensation in both specific and total activities. 5. The increase in tissue protein content or ‘protein hypertrophy’ occurred with cell hypertrophy in cold-acclimated catfish, while protein hypertrophy occurred as an increased protein concentration without cell hypertrophy in sunfish. This phenomenon is considered adaptive in that it permits a compensatory increase in the total enzymaticcapacity of a tissue. a. The two-fold increases in total enyzme activities, superimposed on either an increase or decrease in specific activity, suggest that two biochemical mechanisms may be operative during cold-induced liver hypertrophy, one effecting a specific step in protein translation at a point common to the synthesis of all proteins and a second targetted pretranslationally, i.e., transcriptional regulation.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 161 (1991), S. 117-124 
    ISSN: 1432-136X
    Keywords: Hormonal regulation ; Temperature acclimation ; Catfish ; Hepatocytes ; Triiodothyronine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Protein synthesis (measured by 3H-leucine incorporation) by catfish hepatocytes in culture was enhanced when trace amounts of catfish serum were added. Serum from 15°C-acclimated fish was significantly more effective than serum from 25°C-acclimated fish. Total protein content of the cells was slightly diminished; DNA content was not altered. Added triiodothyronine (T3) significantly reduced protein synthesis by cultured hepatocytes, more at 25°C than at 15°C culture. Threshold concentration of T3 was 10−9 M. Removal of T3 from serum by exchange resin resulted in increased protein synthesis. Addition of T3 to that preparation decreased protein synthesis. The concentration of T3 in serum from 25°C-acclimated catfish is three times greater than the concentration in serum from 15°C-acclimated fish. Increase in protein synthesis after removal of T3 suggests that there is a blood-borne stimulating factor, more active in cold- than in warm-acclimated fish. The stimulating substance was present after dialysis (2000 Da cutoff) and was partially inactivated by heat. Insulin stimulated protein synthesis; salmon insulin was more effective than bovine insulin. Insulin content did not differ in serum from 15°C- and 25°C-fish. The effects of growth hormone and prolactin were equivocal or negative. The inhibitory effect of T3 may explain the reduction in metabolism during warm-acclimation. The nature of a stimulating hormone in cold acclimation is unknown.
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