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  • 1
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Remote sensing in northern hydrology : measuring environmental change (2005)
    Tulsa, Okla. : Soc.
    Associated volumes
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    Call number: AWI G4-06-0020
    In: Geophysical monograph series
    Description / Table of Contents: Remote Sensing in Northern Hydrology: Measuring enviromental change presents the state of the science informed by satellite tracking of the changes now occuring in northern environments. New data, and new ways to extract information, on snow cover, glaciers and ice sheets, frozen rivers and lakes, permafrost and seasonally frozen ground, surface water and soil moisture, evaporation / evapotranspiration will make this work an essential resource as developments occur - for scientists, researchers, and students who wish to advance the study of northern hydrology, and those in the biophysical sciences who want to learn about current research.
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 150 S. : Ill., graph. Darst., Kt.
    ISBN: 0875904289
    Series Statement: Geophysical monograph series 163
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS: Preface / Claude R. Duguay and Alain Pietroniro. - Introduction / Claude R. Duguay and Alain Pietroniro. - Remote Sensing of Snow Cover / Dieter Scherer, Dorothy K. Hall, Volker Hochschild, Max König, Jan-Gunnar Winther, Claude R. Duguay, Frédérique Pivot, Christian Mätzler, Frank Rau, Klaus Seidel, Rune Solberg, and Anne E. Walker. - Remote Sensing of Glaciers and Ice Sheets / Jan-Gunnar Winther, Robert Bindschadler, Max König, and Dieter Scherer. - Ice Characteristics and Processes, and Remote Sensing of Frozen Rivers and Lakes / Martin O. Jeffries, Kim Morris, and Nickolai Kozlenko. - Satellite Remote Sensing of Permafrost and Seasonally Frozen Ground / Claude R. Duguay, Tingjun Zhang, David W. Leverington, and Vladimir E. Romanovsky. - Remote Sensing of Surface Water and Soil Moisture / Alain Pietroniro, Jessika Töyrä, Robert Leconte, and Geoff Kite. - Evaporation/Evapotranspiration Estimates With Remote Sensing / Raoul Granger and Normand Bussières. - Appendix: Acronyms. - Subject Index.
    Location: AWI Reading room
    Branch Library: AWI Library
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dissolved oxygen decline in ice-covered rivers of northern Alberta and its effects on aquatic biota (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of aquatic ecosystem stress and recovery 8 (2000), S. 27-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5141
    Keywords: Canada ; dissolved oxygen ; fish ; ice cover ; macroinvertebrates ; pulp mill effluent ; rivers ; sewage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To determine whether existing dissolved oxygen (DO) regulationswere adequate to protect riverine biota, the Northern River Basins Studyrequired a research and assessment program to establish the effect ofpulp mill and municipal sewage discharges on under-ice DO concentrationsand aquatic biota in the Athabasca, Wapiti and Smoky rivers of northernAlberta, Canada. Analysis of monitoring data collected over 〉30 yearsshowed that pulp mill and municipal effluents have caused “sags” in DObelow their discharges and contributed to an increased rate of declinein DO over 10s of kilometers in the Wapiti-Smoky rivers or 100s ofkilometers in the Athabasca River. To permit forecasting of DO declinesin response to changes in river discharge or effluent biochemical oxygendemand (BOD), a one-dimensional steady-state river water quality modelwas implemented that successfully (r2 =0.74–0.92) predicted DO concentrations over an 820 km reach of theAthabasca River for the 1990–1994 winters. Experiments on nativefish and benthic macroinvertebrate species showed that exposure to lowDO and low temperatures (2–3°C) caused delays in hatch ofmountain whitefish eggs (at 6.5 mg/L DO), reduced mass of bull troutalevins post-hatch (at 5.0 mg/L DO), extended the spawning period ofburbot (at 6.0 mg/L DO), and depressed feeding rates and loweredsurvival of the mayfly Baetis tricaudatus (at 5 mg/L DO).As a result of recommendations from this integrated program of rivermonitoring, modelling and experimentation, effluent BOD loading has beenreduced to the Athabasca and Wapiti rivers and the provincial DOguideline for protection of aquatic life has been increased from 5.0 to6.5 mg/L.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1011491706666
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  • 3
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    Remote Sensing, Vol. 8, Pages 285: Operational Surface Water Detection and Monitoring Using Radarsat 2 (2016)
    MDPI Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-01
    Description: Traditional on-site methods for mapping and monitoring surface water extent are prohibitively expensive at a national scale within Canada. Despite successful cost-sharing programs between the provinces and the federal government, an extensive number of water features within the country remain unmonitored. Particularly difficult to monitor are the potholes in the Canadian Prairie region, most of which are ephemeral in nature and represent a discontinuous flow that influences water pathways, runoff response, flooding and local weather. Radarsat-2 and the Radarsat Constellation Mission (RCM) offer unique capabilities to map the extent of water bodies at a national scale, including unmonitored sites, and leverage the current infrastructure of the Meteorological Service of Canada to monitor water information in remote regions. An analysis of the technical requirements of the Radarsat-2 beam mode, polarization and resolution is presented. A threshold-based procedure to map locations of non-vegetated water bodies after the ice break-up is used and complemented with a texture-based indicator to capture the most homogeneous water areas and automatically delineate their extents. Some strategies to cope with the radiometric artifacts of noise inherent to Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images are also discussed. Our results show that Radarsat-2 Fine mode can capture 88% of the total water area in a fully automated way. This will greatly improve current operational procedures for surface water monitoring information and impact a number of applications including weather forecasting, hydrological modeling, and drought/flood predictions.
    Electronic ISSN: 2072-4292
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Published by MDPI Publishing
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  • 4
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    Improving the representation of subsurface water movement in land models (2019)
    American Meteorological Society (AMS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Journal of Hydrometeorology, Ahead of Print. 〈br/〉
    Print ISSN: 1525-755X
    Electronic ISSN: 1525-7541
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by American Meteorological Society (AMS)
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  • 5
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    Topographic analysis for the prairie pothole region of Western Canada (2012)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-05-19
    Description: The unique topography of the pothole region of the North American prairies creates challenges for properly determining basin contributing area. Numerous depressions or potholes within the landscape impound runoff. However, potholes can ‘fill-spill’ resulting in surface water connections between the potholes. Surface water connectivity between potholes ultimately influences basin contributing area. Currently, automated methods such as landscape analysis tools, treat depressions in the landscape as artifacts and simply fill the depressions in order to delineate a drainage basin. Using this method to calculate contributing area assumes that all surface storage has been satisfied (threshold) and the drainage basin will contribute 100% of its area for all runoff events. However, most runoff events in the prairie pothole region are pre-threshold events that contribute only a portion of surface runoff to the outlet. These pre-threshold events have surface storage that varies due to antecedent water levels and have a variable or dynamic potential to store further runoff in the basin. Government agencies have developed methodologies for determining pre-threshold contributing areasbut these methodologies do not incorporate current technologies and, as a result, have limitations. We propose an automated method for determining contributing area that incorporates the fill-spill of prairie potholes. The algorithm, which uses the D-8 drainage direction method, automates a methodology for identifying and quantifying runoff contributing area. Any algorithm that determines pre-threshold contributing area, must allow the DEM to be filled in an incremental manner. This will simulate increasing pond levels, and the resulting decrease in available storage in the basin, in response to runoff events. The SPILL algorithm is an iterative solution that increases the magnitude of input runoff events and records the decreasing change in available surface storage and the increase in contributing area until the storage threshold is reached and the contributing area reaches 100%. Through application of the algorithm on prairie pothole region basins, we test proposed conceptual curves that describe a hypothesized non-linear relationship between decreasing potential storage in the landscape and contributing area. Results indicate that the proposed conceptual curves represent the relationship between potential surface storage and contributing area in the test basins very well. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Print ISSN: 0885-6087
    Electronic ISSN: 1099-1085
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Published by Wiley
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  • 6
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    The fill-spill hydrology of prairie wetland complexes during drought and deluge (2011)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-11-11
    Description: The fill-spill of surface depressions (wetlands) results in intermittent surface water connectivity between wetlands in the prairie wetland region of North America. Dynamic connectivity between wetlands results in dynamic contributing areas for runoff. However, the impact of fill-spill and the resultant variable or dynamic basin contributing area has largely been ignored in the hydrological community.Long-term field observations recorded at the St. Denis National Wildlife Area, Saskatchewan, allow fill-spill in the basin to be identified and quantified. Along with historical water level observations dating back to 1968, recent data collected for the basin include snow surveys, a surface water survey and production of a Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR)-derived digital elevation model (DEM). Data collection for the basin includes both wet and dry antecedent basin conditions during spring runoff events.A surface water survey at St. Denis in 2006 reveals a disconnected channel network during the spring freshet runoff event. Rather than 100% of the basin contributing runoff to the outlet, which most hydrological models assume, only approximately 39% of the basin contributes to the outlet. Anthropogenic features, such as culverts and roads were found to influence the extent and spatial distribution of contributing areas in the basin. Historical pond depth records illustrate the impact of antecedent basin conditions on fill-spill and basin contributing area. A large pond at the outlet of the St. Denis basin, that only receives local runoff during dry years when upstream surface storage has not been satisfied, has pond runoff volumes that increase by a factor of 20 or more during wet years when upstream antecedent basin surface storage is satisfied and basin-wide runoff contributes to the pond. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Print ISSN: 0885-6087
    Electronic ISSN: 1099-1085
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Published by Wiley
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  • 7
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    Enhanced Identification of a Hydrologic Model using Streamflow and Satellite Water Storage Data: A Multi-criteria Sensitivity Analysis and Optimization Approach (2017)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-07-02
    Description: Hydrologic model development and calibration has continued in most cases to focus only on accurately reproducing streamflows. However, complex models, for example so-called physically-based models, possess large degrees of freedom that, if not constrained properly, may lead to poor model performance when used for prediction. We argue that constraining a model to represent streamflow, which is an integrated resultant of many factors across the watershed, is necessary but by no means sufficient to develop a high-fidelity model. To address this problem, we develop a framework to utilize the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment's (GRACE) total water storage anomaly data as a supplement to streamflows for model calibration, in a multi-objective setting. The VARS method (Variogram Analysis of Response Surfaces) for global sensitivity analysis is used to understand the model behavior with respect to streamflow and GRACE data, and the BORG multi-objective optimization method is applied for model calibration. Two sub-basins of the Saskatchewan River Basin in Western Canada are used as a case study. Results show that the developed framework is superior to the conventional approach of calibration only to streamflows, even when multiple streamflow-based error functions are simultaneously minimized. It is shown that a range of (possibly false) system trajectories in state variable space can lead to similar (acceptable) model responses. This observation has significant implications for land-surface and hydrologic model development, and, if not addressed properly, may undermine the credibility of the model in prediction. The framework effectively constrains the model behavior (by constraining posterior parameter space) and results in more credible representation of hydrology across the watershed.
    Print ISSN: 0885-6087
    Electronic ISSN: 1099-1085
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Published by Wiley
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  • 8
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    What is Missing from the Prescription of Hydrology for Land Surface Schemes? (2016)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-01
    Description: Land surface schemes (LSSs) are of potential interest both to hydrologists looking for innovative ways to simulate river flow and the land surface water balance and to atmospheric scientists looking to improve weather and climate predictions. This paper discusses three ideas, which are grounded in hydrological science, to improve LSS predictions of streamflow and latent heat fluxes. These three possibilities are 1) improved representation of lateral flow processes, 2) the appropriate representation of surface heterogeneity, and 3) calibration to streamflow as a way to account for parameter uncertainty. The current understanding of lateral hydrological processes is described along with their representation of a selected group of LSSs. Issues around spatial heterogeneity are discussed, and calibration in hydrologic models and LSSs is examined. A case study of an evapotranspiration-dominated basin with over 10 years of extensive observations in central Canada is presented. The results indicate that in this particular basin, calibration of streamflow presents atmospheric modelers with a unique opportunity to improve upon the current practice of using lookup tables to define parameter values. More studies are needed to determine if model calibration to streamflow is an appropriate method for generally improving LSS-modeled heat fluxes around the globe.
    Print ISSN: 1525-755X
    Electronic ISSN: 1525-7541
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by American Meteorological Society
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  • 9
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    Toward an Operational Water Cycle Prediction System for the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River (2018)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-01
    Description: In this time of a changing climate, it is important to know whether lake levels will rise, potentially causing flooding, or river flows will dry up during abnormally dry weather. The Great Lakes region is the largest freshwater lake system in the world. Moreover, agriculture, industry, commerce, and shipping are active in this densely populated region. Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) recently implemented the Water Cycle Prediction System (WCPS) over the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River watershed (WCPS-GLS version 1.0) following a decade of research and development. WCPS, a network of linked models, simulates the complete water cycle, following water as it moves from the atmosphere to the surface, through the river network and into lakes, and back to the atmosphere. Information concerning the water cycle is passed between the models. WCPS is the first short-to-medium-range prediction system of the complete water cycle to be run on an operational basis anywhere. It currently produces two forecasts per day for the next three days. WCPS generally provides reliable results throughout the length of the forecast. The transmission of errors between the component models is reduced by data assimilation. Interactions between the environmental compartments are active. This ongoing intercommunication is valuable for extreme events such as rapid ice freeze-up and flooding or drought caused by abnormal amounts of precipitation. Products include precipitation; evaporation; lake water levels, temperatures, and currents; ice cover; and river flows. These products are of interest to a wide variety of governmental, commercial, and industrial groups, as well as the public.
    Print ISSN: 0003-0007
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-0477
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Published by American Meteorological Society
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  • 10
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    Toward Simple Modeling Practices in the Complex Canadian Prairie Watersheds (2020)
    American Society of Civil Engineers
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-06-01
    Print ISSN: 1084-0699
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-5584
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Published by American Society of Civil Engineers
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