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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Visual unit activity, EEG changes and sustained potential shifts (SPS) were recorded from the toad tectum whilst the animal was presented with a visual stimulus. Telencephalic EEGs were also recorded. On the surface of the tectum, retinal unit activity preceded a sustained negative shift in potential and an increase in the amplitude and dominant frequency of the EEG. In deeper layers of the tectum, T5 units with configurational selectivity for ‘wormlike’ stimuli were found. The activity of these units followed a pronounced SPS and EEG change. Visual unit activity was most pronounced during the negative-going phase of the synchronised EEG, when there was also a small decrease in amplitude of neuronal spikes. Similarities between the latencies and durations of EEGs and SPSs, and their response decrements, on repeated stimulus presentation, implies a close relationship between them not shared by the visual units studied. The specific activity of tectal units is discussed in relation to the correlated EEG and SPS changes, which may form part of an adaptive sensitizing mechanism.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: fish ; Anguilla ; reproduction ; neuroendocrinology ; GnRH ; mGnRH ; cGnRH II ; steroid feedback
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Au moyen de dosages radioimmunologiques spécifiques de chacune des formes de GnRH présentes chez l'anguille européenne, Anguilla anguilla, (mGnRH et cGnRH II), nous avons comparé leur répartition dans l'hypophyse et les différentes parties du cerveau, chez l'anguille femelle argentée, ainsi que les modifications de leurs teneurs chez des femelles dont la maturation sexuelle est induite par un traitement à l'extrait hypophysaire de carpe. Chez les témoins, mGnRH est plus abondant que cGnRH II dans l'hypophyse, les lobes olfactifs et le téléncéphale, le di-et mésencéphale, alors que l'inverse est observé dans la partie postérieure du cerveau (mét- et mésencéphale). La maturation expérimentale des gonades entraine une augmentation significative des teneurs en mGnRH de l'hypophyse et des parties antérieures du cerveau; un tel effet positif n'est pas observé sur les faibles teneurs en cGnRH II qui, au contraire, sont diminuées. Ces données indiquent que le rétrocontrôle positif des stéroides gonadiques sur GnRH, que nous avions démontré précédemment, s'exercerait spécifiquement sur la forme mGnRH. Les différences dans la répartition et le contrôle de mGnRH et cGnRH II suggèrent que ces deux formes ont des rôles physiologiques différents chez l'anguille. L'élévation importante de mGnRH lors de la maturation sexuelle suggère l'implication principale de cette forme dans le contrôle neuroendocrine de la fonction de reproduction.
    Notes: Abstract Using specific radioimmunoassays for the two GnRH molecular forms present in the European eel, Anguilla anguilla, (mGnRH and cGnRH II), we compared their distributions in the pituitary and different parts of the brain of female silver eels, as well as the modifications of their levels in experimentally matured female eels (treated with carp pituitary extract). In control eels, mGnRH levels were higher than cGnRH II levels in the pituitary, olfactory lobes and telencephalon, di- and mesencephalon, while the opposite was found in the posterior part of the brain (met- and myelencephalon). Experimental sexual maturation of the gonads significantly increased mGnRH levels in the pituitary and anterior parts of the brain; such a positive effect was not observed on the low cGnRH II levels, which were, in contrast, reduced. These data indicate that the positive feedback of gonadal hormones on GnRH, that we previously demonstrated, would specifically affect the mGnRH form. The differential distribution and control of mGnRH and cGnRH II suggest that these two forms have different physiological roles in the eel. The large increase in mGnRH during sexual maturation suggests the prime implication of this form in the neuroendocrine control of reproduction.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 7 (1989), S. 133-139 
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: goldfish ; growth hormone ; growth hormone-releasing hormone ; gonadotropin-releasing hormone ; in vitro ; in vivo ; somatostatin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In vivo andin vitro techniques were used to examine the influence of various vertebrate peptides on growth hormone (GH) secretion in the goldfish. Tetradecapeptide somatostatin (SRIF-14) was found to inhibit GH secretionin vitro from perifused pituitary fragments, whereas similar concentrations of a salmonid SRIF peptide (sSRIF-25) did not affect GH secretion from the goldfish pituitary fragments. This indicates that SRIF receptors on the goldfish pituitary are very specific for SRIF-14-like peptides. Salmon gonadotropin (GTH)-releasing hormone (sGnRH) was found to elevate serum GH levels in male goldfish. The dopamine antagonist pimozide alone or injected in combination with sGnRH did not influence serum GH levels, although injection of pimozide alone significantly elevated serum GTH levels, in addition to potentiating the effects of sGnRH on GTH secretion. sGnRH stimulated GH secretion from goldfish pituitary fragmentsin vitro, indicating that sGnRH acts directly at the level of the pituitary to stimulate GH secretion in the goldfish. These results suggest that GnRH may also function as a GH-releasing factor in the goldfish, although the release-inhibitory factors for GH and GTH secretion do appear to be separate and distinct. Two human GH-releasing hormone (hGHRH) peptides were found to be ineffective in altering GH secretionin vitro from the perifused pituitary fragments. Consequently, a role for a mammalian GHRH-like peptide in the hypothalamic regulation of GH secretion in the goldfish remains questionable.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 6 (1989), S. 285-288 
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: teleost ; neuroendocrine ; GtH release ; dopamine ; GnRH
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of dopamine on gonadotropin (GtH) secretion in sexually mature Chinese loach were investigated. Spontaneous secretion of GtH was inhibited within 1 h following an intramuscular injection of dopamine (100 μg/g body wt). Similarly, dopamine (50 and 100 μg/g body wt) caused a significant reduction in serum GtH in fish with elevated GtH levels as a result of pretreatment with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogs either alone or in combination with the dopamine receptor antagonist domperidone. In summary, the present study provides direct evidence that dopamine functions as a gonadotropin-release inhibitory factor in the Chinese loach by blocking spontaneous and GnRH-stimulated GtH release.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: TRH ; growth hormone ; somatostatin ; apomorphine ; extracellular calcium ; pituitary fragment ; common carp
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les effets de la thyrotropine (TRH) sur la sécrétion d'hormone de croissance (GH) et de gonadotropine (GTH), et de la somatostatine (SRIF), de l'apomorphine (APO), antagoniste dopaminergique, et du calcium extracellulaire sur les sécrétions basale et stimulée de GH ont été étudiées in vitro par périfusion, de fragments d'hypophyses de carpe (Cyprinus carpio). Des applications de 5 minutes de TRH à différentes concentrations induisent une stimulation rapide et dose dépendante de la sécrétion de GH (ED50 = 9.7 ± 2.3 nM). Le TRH est sans effet sur la sécrétion de GTH. Le SRIF inhibe la sécrétion basale de GH ainsi que la résponse hypophysaire à l'action du TRH. Son action est dose dépendante. L'apomorphine induit une augmentation dose dépendante de la sécrétion basale de GH et potentialise l'action du TRH sur la stimulation de la sécrétion de GH. Des effets équivalents sont induits par des concentrations croissantes de calcium extra cellulaire de 0 à 1.2 mM, alors qu'à une concentration de 6.25 mM des effets opposés sont obtenus.
    Notes: Abstract The effects of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) on growth hormone (GH) and gonadotropin (GtH) release, and the influences of somatostatin (SRIF), the dopamine agonist apomorphine (APO) and extracellular calcium on basal and TRH-induced GH release were examined using an in vitro perifusion system for pituitary fragments of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Five minute pulses of different dosages of TRH stimulated a rapid and dose-dependent increase in GH release from the perifused pituitary fragments with an ED50 of 9.7 ± 2.3 nM. TRH was ineffective on GtH release. SRIF significantly inhibited basal and TRH-induced GH release from the perifused pituitary fragments, and the effects of SRIF were dose-dependent. APO induced a dose-dependent increase in basal and TRH-stimulated GH release from the perifused pituitary fragments. Increasing the concentrations of extracellular calcium from 0 mM to 1.25 mM resulted in an increase in basal and TRH-induced GH release. The high dose of calcium (6.25 mM) caused a slight decrease in basal and TRH-induced GH release compared with those at a concentration of 1.25 mM.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 11 (1993), S. 77-84 
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: goldfish ; pituitary ; growth hormone ; gonadotropin ; somatostatin ; dopamine ; D1 receptors ; body growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des approches menées in vivo et in vitro ont été utilisées pour examiner le rôle de la dopamine (DA) en tant que facteur stimulant la libération d'hormone de croissance (GH) chez le poisson rouge. La DA stimule la libération de GH d'une façon dose dépendante par des fragments hypophysaires maintenus en périfusion. L'action stimulatrice de DA sur la libération de GH varie avec la saison avec un effet maximal chez les poissons sexuellement régressés, intermèdiare chez les poissons en recrudescence et minimal chez les animaux matures (préreproduction). La résponse en GH à la DA est bloquée par l'antagoniste des récepteurs dopaminergiques D1 (+)SCH23390, confirmant l'implication de ces types de récepteurs dans la libération de la GH induite par la DA. En utilisant des incubations statiques de cellules hypophysaires, la somatostatine, inhibiteur connu de la libération de GH chez le poisson rouge, abolit la réponse en GH à la DA. Des injections intrapéritonèales d'apomorphine, agoniste non sélectif de la dopamine, augmente les teneurs en GH plasmatique et la croissance linèaire du poisson rouge. Ces résultats suggèrent fortement le rôle de la DA comme facteur stimulant la libération de GH par l'intermèdiaire de récepteurs dopaminergiques D1 chez le poisson rouge.
    Notes: Abstract In vivo and in vitro approaches have been used to examine the role of dopamine (DA) as a growth hormone (GH)-releasing factor in the goldfish. DA stimulated GH release from perifused pituitary fragments of goldfish in a dose-dependent manner. The GH-releasing effect of DA was seasonal, being the highest in sexually regressed fish, intermediate in recrudescent fish, and the lowest in sexually mature (prespawning) fish. The GH response to DA was blocked by the D1 antagonist (+)SCH23390, confirming the involvement of D1 receptors in DA-stimulated GH release. In studies using static incubation of pituitary cells, somatostatin, a known physiological GH-release inhibitor in the goldfish, abolished the GH response to DA. Intraperitoneal injection of apomorphine, a non-selective DA agonist, also increased the plasma GH levels and enhanced the linear body growth of goldfish. These results strongly suggest that DA, by acting through DA D1 receptors, functions as a GH-releasing factor in the goldfish.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone ; Teleosts ; Immunohistochemistry ; Neuroendocrine control ; Reproduction ; Goldfish (Carassius auratus)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The organization of Gn-RH systems in the brain of teleosts has been investigated previously by immunohistochemistry using antibodies against the mammalian decapeptide which differs from the teleostean factor. Here, we report the distribution of immunoreactive Gn-RH in the brain of goldfish using antibodies against synthetic teleost peptide. Immunoreactive structures are found along a column extending from the rostral olfactory bulbs to the pituitary stalk. Cell bodies are observed within the olfactory nerves and bulbs, along the ventromedial telencephalon, the ventrolateral preoptic area and the latero-basal hypothalamus. Large perikarya are detected in the dorsal midbrain tegmentum, immediately caudal to the posterior commissure. A prominent pathway was traced from the cells located in the olfactory nerves through the medial olfactory tract and along all the perikarya described above to the pituitary stalk. In the pituitary, projections are restricted to the proximal pars distalis. A second immunoreactive pathway ascends more dorsally in the telencephalon and arches to the periventricular regions of the diencephalon. Part of this pathway forms a periventricular network in the dorsal and posterior hypothalamus, whereas other projections continue caudally to the medulla oblongata and the spinal cord. Lesions of the ventral preoptic area demonstrate that most of the fibers detected in the pituitary originate from the preoptic region.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Goldfish ; Glutamate ; Gonadotropin ; Prolactin ; Nucleus lateral tuberis ; Hypothalamus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Monosodium L-glutamate (MSG) was injected intraperitoneally into goldfish at a dosage of 2.5mg/g body weight. At 24 h post-injection there was a marked hypertrophy and edema in the region of the nucleus lateralis tuberis (NLT) from the anterior margin of the pituitary stalk through to the posterior end of the NLT, irrespective of the sex of the goldfish. A similar hypertrophy and edema occurred ventral to the anterior commissure in the preoptic region in the anterior-ventral nucleus preopticus periventricularis (NPP). At 6 h post-injection a slight vacuolization was evident in these two regions, and at two days the hypertrophy and edema had abated from the extent observed at 24 h post-injection. At five and eight days post-injection only necrotic cells were found in the affected NLT region, but only a small band of necrotic cells was evident in the anterior-ventral preoptic region. No other brain lesions were evident. Serum levels of gonadotropin (GtH) were increased at 6 h, 24 h, and two days after treatment with MSG, but were similar to control values at five, seven and eight days after MSG in male and female goldfish. Exocytosis of small dark secretory granules in gonadotrophs was evident at 24 h after MSG in a fish with a somewhat greater increase in serum GtH than usually found. The time course of increased serum GtH levels postinjection of MSG is consistent with the observed time course of hypertrophy and atrophy of NLT neurons; the increase in serum levels of GtH is interpreted to reflect a stimulation of release of GtH-releasing factor from neurons in the NLT. Electron microscope investigation indicates that prolactin cells have increased secretory and synthetic activity from 24 h through to seven days post-injection of MSG. The mechanism for stimulation of the prolactin cells by MSG is not known. No other changes in activity of adenohypophysial secretory cells were found.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Bei der Einwirkung ganz verdünnter Säure (PH 3 bis PH 1) wird 1.2.6-Trimethyl-3.5-dicarbäthoxy-1.2-dihydropyridin (I) irreversibel verändert. Dabei bildet sich Methylen-bis-acetessigsäure-äthylester, der als Di-[2.4-dinitrophenylhydrazon] isoliert werden kann. Es wird versucht, für den Verlauf der Aufspaltung des genannten Dihydropyridin-Derivates eine Erklärung zu geben.  -  Bei dem Versuch, p-Dihydro-2.6-lutidin-3.5-dicarbonsäure-diäthylester (VIII) über die Lithiumverbindung am Stickstoff zu methylieren, wurden neben unverändertem Ausgangsmaterial als Reaktionsprodukte 2.6-Lutidin-dicarbonsäure-diäthylester (IX) und wenig N-Methyl-o-dihydro-2.6-lutidin-3.5-dicarbonsäure-diäthylester (I) erhalten.
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2016-08-21
    Description: In order to support the development of channel models for higher frequency bands, multiple urban microcellular measurement campaigns have been carried out in Berlin, Germany, at 60 and 10 GHz. In this paper, the collected data is uniformly analyzed with focus on the path loss (PL) and the delay spread (DS). It reveals that the ground reflection has a dominant impact on the fading behavior. For line-of-sight conditions, the PL exponents are close to free space propagation at 60 GHz, but slightly smaller (1.62) for the street canyon at 10 GHz. The DS shows a clear dependence on the scenario (median values between 16 and 38 ns) and a strong distance dependence for the open square and the wide street canyon. The dependence is less distinct for the narrow street canyon with residential buildings. This behavior is consistent with complementary ray tracing simulations, though the simplified model tends to overestimate the DS.
    Electronic ISSN: 1424-8220
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Published by MDPI Publishing
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