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  • 1
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    Chapter 3 Antarctic Marine Biodiversity (2021)
    Taylor & Francis | Oceanography and Marine Biology | Oceanography and Marine Biology | CRC Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Animals living in the Southern Ocean have evolved in a singular environment. It shares many of its attributes with the high Arctic, namely low, stable temperatures, the pervading effect of ice in its many forms and extreme seasonality of light and phytobiont productivity. Antarctica is, however, the most isolated continent on Earth and is the only one that lacks a continental shelf connection with another continent. This isolation, along with the many millions of years that these conditions have existed, has produced a fauna that is both diverse, with around 17,000 marine invertebrate species living there, and has the highest proportions of endemic species of any continent. The reasons for this are discussed. The isolation, history and unusual environmental conditions have resulted in the fauna producing a range and scale of adaptations to low temperature and seasonality that are unique. The best known such adaptations include channichthyid icefish that lack haemoglobin and transport oxygen around their bodies only in solution, or the absence, in some species, of what was only 20 years ago termed the universal heat shock response.
    Keywords: oceanography ; marine biology ; environment ; climate change ; climate change impacts ; Southern Ocean ; high Arctic ; ice ; seasonality ; phytobiont productivity ; Antarctica ; Antarctic fauna ; marine invertebrate species ; endemic species ; low temperature adaptations ; seasonality adaptions ; channichthyid icefish ; universal heat shock response ; gametogenic cycles ; vitellogenesis ; microtubule assembly ; locomotion ; metabolic rate ; whole-animal growth ; embryonic development ; limb regeneration ; echinoderms ; Southern Ocean fauna ; ecophysiological adaptations ; coldblooded marine species ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSP Hydrobiology::PSPM Marine biology ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TQ Environmental science, engineering and technology
    Language: English
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    E-BOOK
  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The physiology of polar marine zooplankton (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Polar research 10 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: The polar marine environment is characterised by low stable temperatures with seasonal variations ranging from ±3°C at lower latitudes to only ±0.2°C at high latitudes. The Arctic basin is dominated by multi-year ice. whereas the Antarctic is subject to large seasonal changes in the cover by annual sea ice. Primary production is intensely seasonal nearshore but probably less so in offshore waters where significant production is associated with the marginal ice zone. Oxygen consumption in polar zooplankton is low compared with temperate and tropical species. Annual growth rates are generally slow and, especially in herbivores, highly seasonal. It is likely that fast growth rates are possible for polar zooplankton in areas of high food availability such as ice-edge blooms, but these growth rates are not usually achieved in the more oligotrophic open-ocean areas. Lipid stores in polar herbivorous zooplankton are generally high, although some euphausiids and gelatinous zooplankton also rely on degrowth to provide energy over winter. Ice-edge blooms are of great importance to the polar marine food web although the quantitative significance of winter feeding under ice has yet to be resolved. Comparison of data on lipid storage and oxygen consumption for polar zooplankton indicates that there are large differences in the energy requirements of benthos and crustacean zooplankton. This is probably related to the high metabolic cost of staying in the water column. In contrast gelatinous zooplankton (salps, ctenophores. medusae and siphonophores) have a low energy throughput, related to a body composition which renders them essentially neutral in buoyancy and a slow but efficient means of locomotion. Under good feeding conditions many species can therefore grow and reproduce very rapidly. This emphasises the distinct energetic regime of gelatinous zooplankton, now known to be a group of major ecological importance in most waters of the world.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-8369.1991.tb00659.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polar gigantism dictated by oxygen availability (1999)
    [s.l.] : Macmillan Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 399 (1999), S. 114-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The tendency of some animals to be larger at higher latitudes (‘polar gigantism’) has not been explained, although it has often been attributed to low temperature and metabolism. Investigation of gigantism requires widely distributed taxa with extensive species representation at ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/20099
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physiological flexibility: the key to success and survival for Antarctic fairy shrimps in highly fluctuating extreme environments (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Freshwater biology 49 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2427
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: 1. The anostracan fairy shrimp Branchinecta gaini inhabits one of the most hostile environments on earth, living in pools and lakes in Antarctica. Between January 2002 and January 2003 temperatures in two pools where B. gaini are extremely abundant on Adelaide Island ranged from −18.6 to −15.7 °C in winter, to 19.4 to 17.1 °C in summer, whilst air temperatures ranged from −34 to 6.3 °C.2. Branchinecta gaini survives winter as cysts, but endures large summer temperature fluctuations as adults. Cysts froze between −24.4 and −25.7 °C. In experiments adults survived 0–10 °C with no mortality for 1 week, 25 °C for nearly 48 h with 50% mortality, and at 32 °C complete mortality occurred in 〈1 h.3. Oxygen consumption (ṀO2) in B. gaini approximately doubled for every 10 °C temperature rise (Q10 = 2.04) up to 20 °C where it reached a peak. Females had, on average 19% higher ṀO2 than males. Females also had greater metabolic scopes, (maximum–minimum ṀO2 across temperatures was ×3.6 for females, ×3.1 for males).4. Ventilation frequency increased linearly with temperature, and did not decline at 25 °C, indicating animals were ‘trying’ progressively harder to supply oxygen to tissues, and oxygen deficiency was the probable cause of death. Females had a higher ventilation frequency than males (8.6–17.1% higher) and they also exhibited greater scope to raise ventilation frequency (×2.4 for females versus ×1.5 for males).5. Great metabolic flexibility allows B. gaini to exploit extreme, highly fluctuating environments, and larger ventilatory and respiratory scopes allow females to survive higher temperatures than males. Because of this flexibility their prospects for coping with physical environmental change are high.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2004.01264.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bomb signals in old Antarctic brachiopods (1996)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 380 (1996), S. 207-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SIR - Skeletal check-marks are commonly used to assess the age and growth of organisms. They are usually assumed to be formed annually. By using radiocarbon bomb signals to calibrate growth checks in shells of Antarctic brachiopods, we show that they were laid down with a sub-biennial periodicity. ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/380207b0
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of acclimation and substratum on the metabolism of the Antarctic amphipods Waldeckia obesa (Chevreux 1905) and Bovallia gigantea (Pfeffer 1888) (1995)
    Springer
    Polar biology 15 (1995), S. 225-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2056
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Respiration rates in the Antarctic amphipods Waldeckia obesa (Chevreux 1905) and Bovallia gigantea (Pfeffer 1888) were measured in relation to the presence or absence of a substratum to attach to, and the amount of time spent in a respirometer. During the first 4 h after placing animals in respirometers oxygen consumption in W. obesa was reduced by factors between 1.2 and 3.6 times by the presence of a nylon mesh net substratum. Oxygen consumption over the first 12 h after being placed in respirometers was reduced by factors of between 1.1 and 3.9 times for B. gigantea by the presence of pieces of corrugated plastic pipe. The effects on oxygen consumption of acclimating animals to respirometers were only assessed for W. obesa. Rates during the first 12 h after placing animals in chambers were 3.6 times higher than rates between 12 and 30 h after the start of trials. Standard metabolic rates were measured in W. obesa in the presence of a mesh substratum and following a 12 h acclimation period after 60 days of starvation. Under these conditions oxygen consumption was 2.5 μl O2 h−1 for a specimen of 0.113 g dry mass. This was 3–5 times lower than routine metabolic rates previously reported for W. obesa and 2.4–18 times lower than routine rates for other Antarctic gammaridean amphipods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00239063
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution of pelagic larvae of benthic marine invertebrates in the Bellingshausen Sea (1995)
    Springer
    Polar biology 15 (1995), S. 369-374 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2056
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract During November and December 1992, plankton samples were collected using a ring net of mesh size 200 μm vertically hauled through a 600 m water column, at five stations along a transect running north from the Allison Peninsula in the Bellingshausen Sea. Three stations were located over the continental shelf; two of these were ice bound, whilst the third was at the ice edge. Two other stations were in deeper, ice-free water. Sixteen different larval and juvenile types were found representing seven phyla: Echinodermata, Nemertea, Coelenterata, Mollusca, Annelida, Arthropoda and Bryozoa, of which the first two were the most abundant. Larval numbers and types decreased with distance offshore and away from permanent sea ice. The presence of many stages of nemertean larval development within a short time scale, in an area where developmental tends to be slow, suggests that reproduction occurs over an extended period and that the larvae have a long planktonic phase. The increased size of later developmental stages of the nemertean larvae indicates they obtain nutrition within the water column during winter, when little particulate food is present.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238488
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  • 8
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    A horizon scan of global conservation issues for 2014 (2014)
    Cell Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0169-5347
    Electronic ISSN: 1872-8383
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Cell Press
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    PAPER CURRENT
  • 9
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    A Horizon Scan of Global Conservation Issues for 2016 (2016)
    Cell Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0169-5347
    Electronic ISSN: 1872-8383
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Cell Press
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  • 10
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    A 2018 Horizon Scan of Emerging Issues for Global Conservation and Biological Diversity (2018)
    Cell Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0169-5347
    Electronic ISSN: 1872-8383
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Cell Press
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    PAPER CURRENT
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