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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 51 (2000), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Developing and testing models for solute transport in the field requires experimental data on the spreading of solutes in the soil. Obtaining such data is costly, and a substantial part of the total costs is in the preparation and chemical analysis of the tracing compounds in the gathered samples. We developed a cheap method to quantify the concentration of the mobile dye tracer Brilliant Blue FCF from digitized photographs of stained soil profiles, and we have tested it in the field. Soil sampling and chemical analyses were necessary only to establish a calibration relation between the dye content and the colour of the soil. The digital images were corrected for geometrical distortions, varying background brightness, and colour tinges, and then they were analysed to determine the soil colour at sampling points in the profiles. The resident concentration of the dye was modelled by polynomial regression with the primary colours red, green, blue and the soil depth as explanatory variables. Concentration maps of Brilliant Blue were then computed from the digitized images with a spatial resolution of 1 mm. Validation of the technique with independent data showed that the method predicted the concentration of the dye well, provided the corrected images contained only the colours included in the calibration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    European journal of soil science 46 (1995), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Design-based and model-based methods of estimating temporal change of soil properties over a finite area have been compared. Two large fields of auto- and cross-correlated data were simulated, each representing the spatial distribution of a variable at one time. The fields were then sampled repeatedly. The means of stratified and systematic random samples and geostatistical global estimates were used to infer the mean difference between the fields. All estimators were unbiased, but their variances differed. Pairing the positions on the two occasions increased the precision of the design–based estimates. Systematic sampling was slightly more precise than stratified sampling. Kriging was less precise than both because some of the sample information must be used to estimate the variograms at short lags. Neither balanced differences nor the normal formula for simple random sampling predicted the estimation variances of small (n〈 50) systematic samples accurately. For larger samples the method of balanced differences performed well. If the spatial variation is unknown in advance and only small samples can be taken then stratified random sampling with two observations per stratum is the preferred design. It resulted in the best combination of precision and accuracy in predicting the sampling error.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Geoderma 62 (1994), S. 29-43 
    ISSN: 0016-7061
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mathematical geology 25 (1993), S. 1015-1026 
    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: cokriging ; coregionalization ; cross-correlation ; temporal change ; undersampling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Normal cross-variograms cannot be estimated from data in the usual way when there are only a few points where both variables have been measured. But the experimental pseudo cross-variogram can be computed even where there are no matching sampling points, and this appears as its principal advantage. The pseudo cross-variogram may be unbounded, though for its existence the intrinsic hypothesis alone is not a sufficient stationarity condition. In addition the differences between the two random processes must be second order stationary. Modeling the function by linear coregionalization reflects the more restrictive stationarity condition: the pseudo cross-variogram can be unbounded only if the unbounded correlation structures are the same in all variograms. As an alternative to using the pseudo cross-variogram a new method is presented that allows estimating the normal cross variogram from data where only one variable has been measured at a point.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2015-10-30
    Print ISSN: 1430-483X
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-1165
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Published by Springer
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2016-04-06
    Description: Soil density is an important soil property, but respective measurements are usually scarce. With data from 559 mineral soil horizons (134 sites) we developed a linear regression pedotransfer function (PTF) for the density of forest soils (sieved to ≤ 2 mm). The field estimate of density was the most important covariate. RMSE of 0.205 Mg m −3 and R 2 of 0.67, calculated on independent data (131 horizons), were better than the statistics obtained by published, recalibrated PTF (RMSE 0.271–0.324 Mg m −3 ; R 2 0.28–0.42).
    Print ISSN: 1436-8730
    Electronic ISSN: 1522-2624
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Wiley
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2019
    Electronic ISSN: 2045-2322
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract Fram Strait is a hot‐spot of Arctic cold air outbreaks (CAOs), which typically occur within the northerly flow associated with a strong low‐tropospheric east‐west pressure gradient between Svalbard and Greenland. This study investigates the processes in the inner Arctic that thermodynamically pre‐condition air masses associated with CAOs south of Fram Strait where they lead to negative potential temperature anomalies often in excess of 15 K. Kinematic backward trajectories from Fram Strait are used to quantify the Arctic residence time and to analyse the thermodynamic evolution of these air masses. Additionally, the study explores the importance of cyclonic tropopause polar vortices (TPVs) for CAO formation south of Fram Strait. Results from a detailed case study and the climatological analysis of the 100 most intense CAOs from Fram Strait in the ERA‐Interim period reveal that: (i) air masses that cause CAOs (CAO air masses) reside longer in the inner Arctic compared to those that do not (NO‐CAO air masses), and they originate from climatologically colder regions; (ii) the 10‐day accumulated cooling is very similar for CAO and NO‐CAO air masses indicating that the transport history and northerly origin of the air masses is more decisive for the formation of an intense negative temperature anomaly south of Fram Strait than an enhanced inner‐Arctic diabatic cooling; (iii) 40 % (29 %) of the top 40 (100) CAOs are related to a TPV in the vicinity of Fram Strait; (iv) TPVs confine anomalously cold air masses within their associated low‐tropospheric cold dome leading to enhanced accumulated radiative cooling.
    Print ISSN: 2169-897X
    Electronic ISSN: 2169-8996
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2009-11-25
    Print ISSN: 0021-8561
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-5118
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2015-06-20
    Description: The maintenance of baroclinicity along the mid- and high-latitude storm tracks is a matter of ongoing debate. Using an isentropic framework, a novel diagnostic based on the tendency equation for the slope of isentropic surfaces – a measure of the potential for baroclinic development – is presented. The tendency comprises contributions from dynamic processes, latent heat release, radiation, and sub-gridscale turbulence, which incorporates the effect of sensible heat fluxes. A climatology of these tendencies over the North Atlantic is compiled for the winters 2009 and 2010. It is found that adiabatic tilting flattens the isentropic surfaces, reflecting the action of growing baroclinic cyclones. This tendency is climatologically balanced by the generation of slope by diabatic processes. In the lower troposphere, the most intense diabatic increase of slope is found along the oceanic frontal zone associated with the Gulf Stream and at higher latitudes in the Labrador Sea, the Nordic Seas and the Barents Sea. Latent heat release and sensible heat fluxes both contribute substantially in these regions. A quantitative analysis of cold air outbreaks emphasises their important role for restoring the slope in the lower troposphere over the Gulf Stream region and off the sea-ice edge at high latitudes. In the upper troposphere, latent heat release due to cloud microphysical processes is the dominant mechanism maintaining the slope.
    Print ISSN: 0035-9009
    Electronic ISSN: 1477-870X
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Published by Wiley
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